# Recent Advances in Analysis and Design of Cyber-physical Systems using Passivity Indices

## TL;DR

This paper reviews recent developments in using passivity indices to analyze and design resilient cyber-physical systems, extending energy-based methods to systems that are not inherently passive.

## Contribution

It provides a comprehensive overview of how passivity indices are defined, applied, and utilized for resilient design in cyber-physical systems.

## Key findings

- Passivity indices effectively measure how passive a system is.
- They enable the analysis of non-passive systems within energy-based frameworks.
- Application of passivity indices improves the resilience of cyber-physical system design.

## Abstract

Analysis and resilient design of Cyber-physical Systems have greatly benefited from energy based concepts of passivity and dissipativity. Recently, there has been much research devoted to the use of passivity indices in different components of Cyber-physical systems. Passivity indices are measures of passivity, indicating how passive a system is or how far is it from being passive and generalize passivity based methods to systems that might not be passive. In this paper, we will review recent advances in the use of passivity indices in Cyber-physical systems. We will overview how the indices have been defined and applied to different components of Cyber-physical systems and how they are used in the resilient design of compositional Cyber-physical systems.