# A Dynamical Model for Clustered Star Formation in the Galactic Disk

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a new dynamical model of the Galactic disk that incorporates clustered star formation, predicting rich substructure in phase and chemical space, and demonstrating improved methods for identifying co-natal star populations.

## Contribution

The paper develops a scalable dynamical model that simulates star cluster effects in the Galactic disk, enhancing understanding of its substructure and co-natal star identification.

## Key findings

- Chemical and phase space data together better identify co-natal stars.
- Co-moving star pairs with velocity < 2 km/s and metallicity < 0.05 dex are likely co-natal.
- Model predicts rich substructure sensitive to star formation and Galactic properties.

## Abstract

The clustered nature of star formation should produce a high degree of structure in the combined phase and chemical space in the Galactic disk. To date, observed structure of this kind has been mostly limited to bound clusters and moving groups. In this paper we present a new dynamical model of the Galactic disk that takes into account the clustered nature of star formation. This model predicts that the combined phase and chemical space is rich in substructure, and that this structure is sensitive to both the precise nature of clustered star formation and the large-scale properties of the Galaxy. The model self-consistently evolves 4 billion stars over the last 5 Gyr in a realistic potential that includes an axisymmetric component, a bar, spiral arms, and giant molecular clouds (GMCs). All stars are born in clusters with an observationally-motivated range of initial conditions. As direct \textit{N}-body calculations for billions of stars is computationally infeasible, we have developed a method of initializing star cluster particles to mimic the effects of direct \textit{N}-body effects, while the actual orbit integrations are treated as test particles within the analytic potential. We demonstrate that the combination of chemical and phase space information is much more effective at identifying truly co-natal populations than either chemical or phase space alone. Furthermore, we show that co-moving pairs of stars are very likely to be co-natal if their velocity separation is $< 2$ km s$^{-1}$ and their metallicity separation is $< 0.05$ dex. The results presented here bode well for harnessing the synergies between \textit{Gaia} and spectroscopic surveys to reveal the assembly history of the Galactic disk.