# Hacking Quantum Key Distribution via Injection Locking

## TL;DR

This paper demonstrates a novel hacking method on measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution using injection locking, revealing potential security loopholes and challenging the assumption of unconditional security.

## Contribution

The authors experimentally show that injection locking can be exploited to hack MDI-QKD, highlighting a new vulnerability in quantum communication security.

## Key findings

- Hacking success rate reaches 60% of raw keys.
- Injection locking can be used to obtain secret keys without detection.
- The study exposes a new security loophole in MDI-QKD systems.

## Abstract

Unconditionally secure communication, being pursued for thousands of years, however, hasn't been reached yet due to continuous competitions between encryption and hacking. Quantum key distribution (QKD), harnessing the quantum mechanical nature of superposition and non-cloning, may promise unconditional security by incorporating the one-time pad algorithm rigorously proved by Claude Shannon. Massive efforts have been made in building practical and commercial QKD systems, in particular, decoy states are employed to detect photon-number splitting attack against single-photon source loophole, and measurement-device-independent (MDI) QKD has further closed all loopholes in detection side, which leads to a seemingly real-life application. Here, we propose and experimentally demonstrate an MDI-QKD hacking strategy on the trusted source assumption by using injection locking technique. Eve injects near off-resonance photons in randomly chosen polarization into sender's laser, where injection locking in a shifted frequency can happen only when Eve's choice matches with sender's state. By setting a shifted window and switching the frequency of photons back afterwards, Eve in principle can obtain all the keys without terminating the real-time QKD. We observe the dynamics of a semiconductor laser with injected photons, and obtain a hacking success rate reaching 60.0% of raw keys. Our results suggest that the spear-and-shield competitions on unconditional security may continue until all potential loopholes are discovered and closed ultimately.