# Single-Loop and Composite-Loop Realization of Nonadiabatic Holonomic Quantum Gates in a Decoherence-Free Subspace

## TL;DR

This paper demonstrates the experimental realization of universal nonadiabatic holonomic quantum gates within a decoherence-free subspace using nuclear magnetic resonance, highlighting improved robustness of composite schemes over single-loop schemes.

## Contribution

It introduces and experimentally implements both single-loop and composite holonomic quantum gates combining geometric phases and decoherence-free encoding.

## Key findings

- Composite scheme shows higher robustness against pulse errors.
- Experiment achieves high-fidelity quantum gates with two-body interactions.
- Demonstrates practical feasibility of robust geometric quantum manipulation.

## Abstract

High-fidelity quantum gates are essential for large-scale quantum computation, which can naturally be realized in a noise-resilient way. Geometric manipulation and decoherence-free subspace encoding are promising ways toward robust quantum computation. Here, by combining the advantages of both strategies, we propose and experimentally realize universal holonomic quantum gates in both a singleloop scheme and a composite scheme, based on nonadiabatic and non-Abelian geometric phases, in a decoherence-free subspace with nuclear magnetic resonance. Our experiment uses only two-body resonant spin-spin interactions and thus is experimental friendly. In particular, we also experimentally verify that the composite scheme is more robust against the pulse errors than the single-loop scheme. Therefore, our experiment provides a promising way toward faithful and robust geometric quantum manipulation.