# Cosmogenic production of $^{39}$Ar and $^{37}$Ar in argon

## TL;DR

This study measures the production rates of $^{39}$Ar and $^{37}$Ar isotopes in argon caused by cosmic ray neutrons at sea level, providing crucial data for dark matter experiments and atmospheric isotope analysis.

## Contribution

It provides the first experimental determination of cosmogenic $^{39}$Ar and $^{37}$Ar production rates in argon at sea level using neutron beam irradiation and ultra-low background counting.

## Key findings

- $^{39}$Ar production rate: 759 ± 128 atoms/kg/Ar/day
- $^{37}$Ar production rate: 51.0 ± 7.4 atoms/kg/Ar/day
- Total sea-level production rate for $^{39}$Ar: 1048 ± 133 atoms/kg/Ar/day

## Abstract

We have experimentally determined the production rate of $^{39}$Ar and $^{37}$Ar from cosmic ray neutron interactions in argon at sea level. Understanding these production rates is important for argon-based dark matter experiments that plan to utilize argon extracted from deep underground because it is imperative to know what the ingrowth of $^{39}$Ar will be during the production, transport, and storage of the underground argon. These measurements also allow for the prediction of $^{39}$Ar and $^{37}$Ar concentrations in the atmosphere which can be used to determine the presence of other sources of these isotopes. Through controlled irradiation with a neutron beam that mimics the cosmic ray neutron spectrum, followed by direct counting of $^{39}$Ar and $^{37}$Ar decays with sensitive ultra-low background proportional counters, we determined that the production rate from cosmic ray neutrons at sea-level is expected to be $(759 \pm 128)$ atoms/kg$_\text{Ar}$/day for $^{39}$Ar, and $(51.0 \pm 7.4)$ atoms/kg$_\text{Ar}$/day for $^{37}$Ar. We also performed a survey of the alternate production mechanisms based on the state-of-knowledge of the associated cross-sections to obtain a total sea-level cosmic ray production rate of $(1048 \pm 133)$ atoms/kg$_\text{Ar}$/day for $^{39}$Ar, $(56.7 \pm 7.5)$ atoms/kg$_\text{Ar}$/day for $^{37}$Ar in underground argon, and $(92 \pm 13)$ atoms/kg$_\text{Ar}$/day for $^{37}$Ar in atmospheric argon.