# Paramagnetic Meissner effect in voltage-biased proximity systems

## TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that simple superconductor/normal-metal systems can exhibit a paramagnetic Meissner effect under voltage bias, offering new insights and potential for device applications without requiring complex properties.

## Contribution

It shows that voltage bias can induce paramagnetic Meissner effects in simple superconductor/normal-metal structures without special properties.

## Key findings

- Paramagnetic response observed in simple superconductor/normal-metal systems.
- Voltage bias enables control of electromagnetic response.
- Effect occurs without odd-frequency states at the Fermi level.

## Abstract

Conventional superconductors respond to external magnetic fields by generating diamagnetic screening currents. However, theoretical work has shown that one can engineer systems where the screening current is paramagnetic, causing them to attract magnetic flux -- a prediction that has recently been experimentally verified. In contrast to previous studies, we show that this effect can be realized in simple superconductor/normal-metal structures with no special properties, using only a simple voltage bias to drive the system out of equilibrium. This is of fundamental interest, since it opens up a new avenue of research, and at the same time highlights how one can realize paramagnetic Meissner effects without having odd-frequency states at the Fermi level. Moreover, a voltage-tunable electromagnetic response in such a simple system may be interesting for future device design.