Gauging functional brain activity: from distinguishability to accessibility

TL;DR

This paper explores how neuroimaging techniques can distinguish and access genuine functional brain activity, emphasizing the importance of the structure of functional representations in interpreting experimental data.

Contribution

It provides a system-level definition of functional brain activity and analyzes how the structure of functional representations limits the extraction of genuine activity from neuroimaging data.

Findings

Functional representations determine the distinguishability of brain activity.

The structure of the data space affects the accessibility of observed signals.

Implications for interpreting neuroimaging data from standard techniques.

Abstract

Standard neuroimaging techniques provide non-invasive access not only to human brain anatomy but also to its physiology. The activity recorded with these techniques is generally called functional imaging, but what is observed per se is an instance of dynamics, from which functional brain activity should be extracted. Distinguishing between bare dynamics and genuine function is a highly non-trivial task, but a crucially important one when comparing experimental observations and interpreting their significance. Here we illustrate how the ability of neuroimaging to extract genuine functional brain activity is bounded by the structure of functional representations. To do so, we first provide a simple definition of functional brain activity from a system-level brain imaging perspective. We then review how the properties of the space on which brain activity is represented allow defining relations ranging from distinguishability to accessibility of observed imaging data. We show how these properties result from the structure defined on dynamical data and dynamics-to-function projections, and consider some implications that the way and extent to which these are defined have for the interpretation of experimental data from standard system-level brain recording techniques.