# Misbinding Attacks on Secure Device Pairing and Bootstrapping

## TL;DR

This paper reveals that many device pairing protocols, including Bluetooth and IoT registration, are vulnerable to misbinding attacks, which can be exploited to compromise device security and user trust.

## Contribution

It identifies and demonstrates the vulnerability of common device pairing protocols to misbinding attacks, including formal modeling and implementation of such attacks.

## Key findings

- Demonstrated practical misbinding attacks on Bluetooth and IoT protocols
- Formal analysis uncovers a new double misbinding attack type
- Discussed potential mitigation strategies for pairing security

## Abstract

In identity misbinding attacks against authenticated key-exchange protocols, a legitimate but compromised participant manipulates the honest parties so that the victim becomes unknowingly associated with a third party. These attacks are well known, and resistance to misbinding is considered a critical requirement for security protocols on the Internet. In the context of device pairing, on the other hand, the attack has received little attention outside the trusted-computing community. This paper points out that most device pairing protocols are vulnerable to misbinding. Device pairing protocols are characterized by lack of a-priory information, such as identifiers and cryptographic roots of trust, about the other endpoint. Therefore, the devices in pairing protocols need to be identified by the user's physical access to them. As case studies for demonstrating the misbinding vulnerability, we use Bluetooth and a protocol that registers new IoT devices to authentication servers on wireless networks. We have implemented the attacks. We also show how the attacks can be found in formal models of the protocols with carefully formulated correspondence assertions. The formal analysis yields a new type of double misbinding attack. While pairing protocols have been extensively modelled and analyzed, misbinding seems to be an aspect that has not previously received sufficient attention. Finally, we discuss potential ways to mitigate the threat and its significance to security of pairing protocols.