# Propagation Modeling Through Foliage in a Coniferous Forest at 28 GHz

## TL;DR

This paper investigates 28-GHz millimeter wave propagation in coniferous forests, revealing limitations of traditional models and proposing automated site-specific models that significantly improve path loss prediction accuracy.

## Contribution

It introduces novel automated models tailored for 28-GHz propagation in forests, outperforming traditional foliage analysis models in accuracy.

## Key findings

- Traditional models fail at 28 GHz in forests
- Proposed models improve prediction accuracy by up to 20 dB
- Achieved 0.9 dB overall error reduction

## Abstract

The goal of this article is to investigate the propagation behavior of 28-GHz millimeter wave in coniferous forests and model its basic transmission loss. Field measurements were conducted with a custom-designed sliding correlator sounder. Relevant foliage regions were extracted from high-resolution LiDAR data and satellite images. Our results show that traditional foliage analysis models for lower-frequency wireless communications fail to consistently output correct path loss predictions. Novel fully automated site-specific models are proposed to resolve this issue, yielding 0.9 dB overall improvement and up to 20 dB regional improvement in root mean square errors.