# Multiphysics simulation of the aspherical deformation of piezo-glass membrane lenses including hysteresis, fabrication and non-linear effects

## TL;DR

This paper presents a comprehensive non-linear simulation of aspherical piezo-glass membrane lenses, incorporating hysteresis, fabrication effects, and non-linear behaviors, validated through experimental fabrication and measurement.

## Contribution

The study introduces a detailed FEM model that includes hysteresis, creep, and fabrication parameters, validated by experimental data, advancing the simulation accuracy of adaptive piezo lenses.

## Key findings

- Good agreement between simulation and measurements.
- Geometry significantly affects electric response and focal power range.
- Focal power range increased from ±4.5 to ±9 m^{-1} with aperture change.

## Abstract

In this paper we present and verify the non-linear simulation of an aspherical adaptive lens based on a piezo-glass sandwich membrane with combined bending and buckling actuation. To predict the full non-linear piezoelectric behavior, we measured the non-linear charge coefficient, hysteresis and creep effects of the piezo material and inserted them into the FEM model using a virtual electric field. We further included and discussed the fabrication parameters -- glue layers and thermal stress -- and their variations. To verify our simulations, we fabricated and measured a set of lenses with different geometries, where we found good agreement and show that their qualitative behavior is also well described by a simple analytical model. We finally discuss the effects of the geometry on the electric response and find, e.g., an increased focal power range from $\pm 4.5$ to $\pm 9\, \mathrm{m}^{-1}$ when changing the aperture from $14$ to $10\, \mathrm{mm}$.

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Source: https://tomesphere.com/paper/1902.05366