# On instabilities of deep learning in image reconstruction - Does AI come at a cost?

## TL;DR

This paper reveals that deep learning methods for image reconstruction often suffer from significant instabilities, which can lead to artifacts, missed features, or worse performance with more data, raising safety concerns.

## Contribution

The authors introduce a new stability test and software to detect and analyze instabilities in deep learning-based image reconstruction methods.

## Key findings

- Deep learning reconstructions can produce severe artifacts from tiny perturbations.
- Structural changes like tumors may not be captured in reconstructions.
- More samples can sometimes worsen the reconstruction quality.

## Abstract

Deep learning, due to its unprecedented success in tasks such as image classification, has emerged as a new tool in image reconstruction with potential to change the field. In this paper we demonstrate a crucial phenomenon: deep learning typically yields unstablemethods for image reconstruction. The instabilities usually occur in several forms: (1) tiny, almost undetectable perturbations, both in the image and sampling domain, may result in severe artefacts in the reconstruction, (2) a small structural change, for example a tumour, may not be captured in the reconstructed image and (3) (a counterintuitive type of instability) more samples may yield poorer performance. Our new stability test with algorithms and easy to use software detects the instability phenomena. The test is aimed at researchers to test their networks for instabilities and for government agencies, such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), to secure safe use of deep learning methods.