# Boundary null-controllability of two coupled parabolic equations : simultaneous condensation of eigenvalues and eigenfunctions

## TL;DR

This paper investigates the boundary null controllability of coupled parabolic equations with a focus on the simultaneous condensation of eigenvalues and eigenfunctions, revealing new phenomena and conditions for controllability based on spectral properties.

## Contribution

It introduces the concept of simultaneous condensation of eigenvalues and eigenfunctions and establishes conditions for minimal control time in such systems.

## Key findings

- Existence of a minimal control time depending on spectral condensation.
- New phenomena when eigenfunctions are complete but not a Riesz basis.
- Controllability depends on the condensation of eigenvalues and eigenfunctions.

## Abstract

Let the matrix operator $L = D\partial_{xx} + q(x)A_0$, with $D = diag(1, \nu)$, $\nu \neq 1$, $q \in L^{\infty} (0, $\pi$)$, and $A_0$ is a Jordan block of order 1. We analyze the boundary null controllability for system $y_t - Ly = 0$. When $ \nu \notin \mathbb{Q} ^*_+ $ and $q(x) = 1$, $x $\in$ (0, $\pi$)$, there exists a family of root vectors of $(L * , D(L *)) $ forming a Riesz basis, moreover, F. Ammar Khodja, A.Benabdallah, M.Gonzalez-Burgos, L.Teresa, show the existence of a minimal time of control depending on condensation of eigenvalues of $(L^* , D(L^*))$. But there exists $q \in L^{\infty} (0, $\pi$)$ such that the family of eigenfunctions of $(L^* , D(L^*))$ is complete but it is not a Riesz basis. In this framework new phenomena arise : simultaneous condensation of eigenvalues and eigenfunctions. We prove the existence of a minimal time $T_0 \in [0, +\infty]$ depending on the condensation of eigenvalues and associated eigenfunctions of $(L^* , D(L^*))$, such that the corresponding system is null controllable at any time $T > T_0$ and is not if $T < T_0$.