A partial theta function Borwein conjecture

TL;DR

This paper introduces an infinite family of conjectures related to Borwein's conjecture, involving multiple basic hypergeometric series with Macdonald polynomial arguments, expanding the understanding of these mathematical structures.

Contribution

It proposes new Borwein-type conjectures connected to hypergeometric series and Macdonald polynomials, advancing the theoretical framework in this area.

Findings

Formulation of an infinite family of Borwein-type conjectures

Connections established between hypergeometric series and Macdonald polynomials

Potential implications for understanding basic hypergeometric series

Abstract

We present an infinite family of Borwein type $+ - - $ conjectures. The expressions in the conjecture are related to multiple basic hypergeometric series with Macdonald polynomial argument.

Tables

Table 1. Table 1. Apparent values of N m , k subscript 𝑁 𝑚 𝑘 N_{m,k} , for m = 1 , 2 , … , 5 𝑚 1 2 … 5 m=1,2,\dots,5 and k = 0 , 1 , … , 15 𝑘 0 1 … 15 k=0,1,\dots,15

$m$ \ $k$	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15
1	0	0	0	0	0	2	2	2	2	3	3	3	3	4	4	4
2	0	0	0	5	5	8	8	11	12	14	15	17	18	20	21	23
3	0	0	0	5	5	8	8	11	12	14	15	17	18	20	21	23
4	0	0	0	5	5	8	8	11	12	14	15	17	18	20	21	23
5	0	0	0	5	5	8	8	11	12	14	15	17	18	20	21	23

Equations

$$(1-q)(1-q^2)(1-q^4)(1-q^5)(1-q^7)(1-q^8)\cdots$$

$$\prod _{i=0}^{n-1}(1-q^{3i+1})(1-q^{3i+2})=A_n(q^3)-q{B}_n(q^3)-q^2{C}_n(q^3),$$

$$\prod _{i=0}^{n-1}(1-q^{3i+1})(1-q^{3i+2})\prod _{j=1}^m\prod _{i=-n}^{n-1}(1-p^j{q}^{3i+1})(1-p^j{q}^{3i+2}).$$

$$(a;q{)}_n:=\prod _{j=0}^{n-1}(1-a{q}^j).$$

$$(a_1,\dots ,a_m;q{)}_n:=\prod _{k=1}^m(a_k;q{)}_n$$

$$(q,q^2;q^3{)}_n\prod _{j=1}^m(p^{j}q,p^j{q}^2;q^3{)}_n(p^j{q}^{-1},p^j{q}^{-2};q^{-3}{)}_n$$

$$=\sum _{k\ge 0}{p}^k\left[A_{m,n,k}(q^3)-q{B}_{m,n,k}(q^3)-q^2{C}_{m,n,k}(q^3)\right].$$

$$k\le 4n\left(\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{m+1}{2}\right)=2m(m+1)n.$$

$$q^{n^2-1}{B}_{m,n,k}(q^{-1})=C_{m,n,k}(q).$$

$$\theta (a;p):=(a;p{)}_{\infty }(p/a;p{)}_{\infty }.$$

$$(a;q,p)_{n}:=\prod_{i=0}^{n-1}\theta(aq^{i};p)=\prod_{i=0}^{n-1}\prod_{j=0}^{\infty}\big{(}1-ap^{j}q^{i}\big{)}\big{(}1-p^{j+1}q^{-i}/a\big{)}.$$

$$(q;q^3,p{)}_n(q^2;q^3,p{)}_n,$$

$$\prod_{i=0}^{n-1}\prod_{j=0}^{\infty}\big{(}1-p^{j}q^{3i+1}\big{)}\big{(}1-p^{j}q^{3i+2}\big{)}\big{(}1-p^{j+1}q^{-3i-1}\big{)}\big{(}1-p^{j+1}q^{-3i-2}\big{)}.$$

$$(q,q^2;q^3{)}_{n_1}\prod _{j=1}^{m_1}(p^{j}q,p^j{q}^2;q^3{)}_{n_2}\prod _{j=1}^{m_2}(p^j{q}^{-1},p^j{q}^{-2};q^{-3}{)}_{n_3}$$

$$=\sum _{k\ge 0}{p}^k\left[A(q^3)-qB(q^3)-q^{2}C(q^3)\right].$$

$$(q,q^2;q^3{)}_n^2$$

$$(q,q^2;q^3{)}_{n_1}(pq,p{q}^2;q^3{)}_{n_2}$$

$$(q^a,q^{K-a};q^K{)}_n=\sum _{m=0}^{\infty }{a}_m{q}^m,$$

$$a_m\ge 0$$

$$a_m\le 0$$

$$(q^a;q^K,p{)}_n(q^{K-a};q^K,p{)}_n,$$

$$K=4l+1:$$

$$K=4l+3:$$

$$(q^K,q^{K+1};q^{2K+1}{)}_{n_1}\prod _{j=1}^{m_1}(p^j{q}^K,p^j{q}^{K+1};q^{2K+1}{)}_{n_2}\text{cr}\times \prod _{j=1}^{m_2}(p^j{q}^{-K},p^j{q}^{-K-1};q^{-2K-1}{)}_{n_3}=\sum _{k\ge 0}{p}^k{A}_k(q),$$

$$A_k(q)=\sum _M{a}_{M,k}{q}^M.$$

$$a_{M,k}=\{\begin{array}{ll}\ge 0,& \text{ if }M\equiv 0,\pm i\mathrm{mod}2K+1,\text{ for }i=1,2,\dots ,l,\\ \le 0,& \text{ otherwise.}\end{array}$$

$$m_1,m_2$$

$$n_1,n_2,n_3$$

$$k$$

$$K$$

$$m_1,m_2,n_1,n_2,n_3$$

$$k$$

$$K$$

$$A_n(q)$$

$$B_n(q)$$

Full text

1. Introduction

The so-called Borwein conjectures, due to Peter Borwein (circa 1990), were popularized by Andrews [1]. The first of these concerns the expansion of finite products of the form

[TABLE]

into a power series in $q$ and the sign pattern displayed by the coefficients. In June 2018, in a conference at Penn State celebrating Andrews’ 80th birthday, Chen Wang, a young Ph.D. student studying at the University of Vienna, announced that he has vanquished the first of the Borwein conjectures. In this paper, we propose another set of Borwein-type conjectures. The conjectures here are consistent with the first two Borwein conjectures, and one given by Ismail, Kim and Stanton [5, 11]. At the same time, they do not appear to be very far from these conjectures in form and content. However, they are on different lines from other extensions of Borwein conjectures considered in [2, 3, 5, 10, 11, 13, 14].

Borwein’s first conjecture may be stated as follows: the polynomials $A_{n}(q)$, $B_{n}(q)$, and $C_{n}(q)$ defined by

[TABLE]

each have non-negative coefficients. This is the one now settled by Wang [12]. We say that the polynomial on the left-hand side satisfies the Borwein $+--$ condition.

Our first conjecture considers products of the form

[TABLE]

Computational evidence suggests that for fixed $k$, the coefficient of $p^{k}$ (a Laurent polynomial in $q$) satisfies the Borwein $+--$ condition for $n$ large enough. For $m=0$, this reduces to the left-hand side of (1).

This paper is organized as follows. In Section 2 we present a precise statement of this conjecture and outline the computational evidence for this conjecture. We also make another—even more general—conjecture, which is motivated by the first two Borwein conjectures, and Andrews’ refinement of these conjectures. Our third and most general conjecture is motivated by Ismail, Kim and Stanton [5, Conjecture 1] (see also Stanton [11, Conjecture 3]). In Section 3, we make some remarks concerning the connection to multiple basic hypergeometric series with Macdonald polynomial argument.

2. The conjectures

Let $a$, $p$ and $q$ be formal variables. We shall work in the ring of Laurent polynomials in $q$. For $n$ being a non-negative integer or infinity, the $q$-shifted factorial is defined as follows:

[TABLE]

For convenience, we write

[TABLE]

for products of $q$-shifted factorials. With this notation, our first conjecture can be stated as follows.

Conjecture 1**.**

Let $m$ and $k$ be non-negative integers. Let the Laurent polynomials $A_{m,n,k}(q)$, $B_{m,n,k}(q)$, and $C_{m,n,k}(q)$ be defined by

[TABLE]

Then for each $m,k\geq 0$, there is a non-negative integer $N_{m,k}$, such that if $n\geq N_{m,k}$ then the Laurent polynomials $A_{m,n,k}(q)$, $B_{m,n,k}(q)$, and $C_{m,n,k}(q)$ have non-negative coefficients.

Further, for $m=1$ we have $N_{1,k}=0$, for $k\leq 4$, and $N_{1,k}=\lceil\frac{k}{4}\rceil$ for $k\geq 5$, while for $m>1$, $N_{m,k}\equiv N_{k}$ is independent of $m$.

Notes

1. (1)

The case $m=0$ or $k=0$ of Conjecture 1 is consistent with the first Borwein conjecture, see [1, Equation (1.1)]. 2. (2)

For given $m$ and $n$, the summation index $k$ is bounded by

[TABLE] 3. (3)

For $m=1$, we must have $n\geq k/4$. Indeed, $n=\lceil\frac{k}{4}\rceil$ are the values of $N_{m,k}$ in Table 1 for $m=1$ for $k\geq 5$. For $k<5$, $\lceil\frac{k}{4}\rceil=1$, so we have $N_{m,k}=0$, since for $n=0$ the statement of the conjecture holds trivially. 4. (4)

We examined the products for $m=1,2,\dots,10$; $k=0,1,2,\dots,15$; and $n=0,1,2,$ $\dots,25$. For fixed $m$ and $k$, the value of $N_{m,k}$ such that the coefficient of $p^{k}$ in the products satisfy the Borwein $+--$ condition for $N_{m,k}\leq n\leq 25$ (for $m\leq 5$) are recorded in Table 1. The values for $m=6,7,\dots,10$ were the same as for $m=5$. Thus for $m>1$, the values of $N_{m,k}$ appear to be independent of $m$. 5. (5)

The coefficients of $A_{m,n,k}(q)$ were non-negative for all the values of $m,n,$ and $k$ that we computed. 6. (6)

The coefficients of powers of $q$ in $q^{2}C_{m,n,k}(q^{3})$ are the same as those of $qB_{m,n,k}(q^{3})$, but in reverse order, that is, we have,

[TABLE]

This can be seen by replacing $q$ by $q^{-1}$ in (1) and comparing the two sides. 7. (7)

One can ask, as did Stanton for [11, Conjecture 3], whether Conjecture 1 holds for $n=\infty$. However, this question is not applicable here, since the product on the left-hand side of (1) is not defined at $n=\infty$.

We now make a few remarks about the form of Conjecture 1. The modified theta function is defined as

[TABLE]

Here we take $n=\infty$ and replace $q$ by $p$ in the definition of the $q$-shifted factorial. This product is convergent if $|p|<1$. Consider the theta shifted factorials defined as [4, eq. (11.2.5)]

[TABLE]

As a natural extension of the Borwein Conjecture, consider

[TABLE]

or,

[TABLE]

The product in Conjecture 1 should now be transparent. It is obtained by truncating the infinite products indexed by $j$. Indeed, one can try even more general ways to truncate the products.

Conjecture 2**.**

Let $m_{1}$, $m_{2}$, $n_{1}$, $n_{2}$, $n_{3},$ and $k$ be non-negative integers. Let the Laurent polynomials $A(q)=A_{m_{1},m_{2},n_{1},n_{2},n_{3},k}(q)$, $B(q)=B_{m_{1},m_{2},n_{1},n_{2},n_{3},k}(q)$ and $C(q)=C_{m_{1},m_{2},n_{1},n_{2},n_{3},k}(q)$ be defined by

[TABLE]

For given $k$, if Let $m_{1},m_{2}\geq 1$, and $n_{1}$, $n_{2}$ and $n_{3}$ are large enough, then the polynomials $A(q)$, $B(q)$, and $C(q)$ have non-negative coefficients.

Notes

1. (1)

Borwein’s second conjecture [1, Equation (1.3)] states that

[TABLE]

satisfies the Borwein $+--$ condition. If we take $m_{1}=1$, $m_{2}=0$, $n_{2}=n_{1}$, $p=1$, and ignore the condition $m_{1},m_{2}\geq 1$, then the statement of Conjecture 2, reduces to Borwein’s second conjecture. 2. (2)

Andrews’ refinement of Borwein’s first two conjectures [1, Equation (1.5), $x=p$] states that for each $k$, the coefficient of $p^{k}$ in

[TABLE]

satisfies the Borwein $+--$ condition. Ae Ja Yee kindly informed us (private communication, January 2019), that Andrews’ refinement does not hold. For example, it fails for $n_{1}=1$, $n_{2}=40$, and $k=40$. Again, if we take $m_{1}=1$ and $m_{2}=0$, the statement of Conjecture 2 reduces to Andrews’ refinement of Borwien’s first two conjectures. 3. (3)

Our numerical experiments suggest that we must have $m_{1},m_{2}\geq 1$ in Conjecture 2. But the data we generated does not contradict Borwein’s second conjecture. Further, it may still be true that Andrews’ refinement of Borwein’s conjectures is true for large enough values of $n_{1}$ and $n_{2}$. 4. (4)

It appears that Table 1 is relevant to Conjecture 2 too. We observed the following from the data we generated. Let $k$ be fixed, and $m_{1},m_{2}\geq 2$. Let $n=\min\{n_{1},n_{2},n_{3}\}$. Now if $n\geq N_{k}$, where $N_{k}\equiv N_{2,k}$ is taken from Table 1, the coefficients of $p^{k}$ in the expansion of the products in question satisfy the Borwein $+--$ condition.

Next, on the suggestion of Dennis Stanton, we examine a conjecture due to Ismail, Kim and Stanton [5, Conjecture 1] (see also Stanton [11, Conjecture 3]), who considered

[TABLE]

where $a$ and $K$ are relatively prime integers with $a<K/2$. These authors conjectured:

If $K$ is odd, then

[TABLE]

In [11], this conjecture is followed by the statement: If $K$ is even, then $(-1)^{m}a_{m}\geq 0$. The unfortunate placement of this statement suggests that it is part of the conjecture. In fact, it is easy to prove. Since $a$ is relatively prime to $K$, and $K$ is even, both $a$ and $K-a$ are odd. Thus all the factors in the product are of the form $(1-q^{\text{odd}})$. Now to obtain a term $q^{m}$ with $m$ even, we will need to multiply an even number of monomials of the form $(-q^{\text{odd}})$, so the sign will be positive. Similarly, if $m$ is odd, the sign will be negative.

As in Conjecture 2, we consider the formal expression

[TABLE]

truncate the infinite products, and check whether the coefficients satisfy a similar sign pattern. For $K$ even, it is easy to see that an analogous statement holds for the coefficient of $p^{k}$ for all non-negative integers $k$.

For $K$ odd, we found that the sign pattern is the same as mentioned above, but only when $a=\lfloor K/2\rfloor$. In this case, the pattern is an elegant extension of Borwein’s $+--$. When $K$ is of the form $4l+1$ or $4l+3$, the sign pattern is as follows:

[TABLE]

For example, when $K=5$, then the pattern is $++--+$, and when $K=7$, then the pattern is $++----+$. (As before, the $+$ sign represents a non-negative, and the $-$ sign represents a non-positive coefficient.)

In what follows, we have replaced $K$ by $2K+1$; we consider only the odd powers of the base $q$.

Conjecture 3**.**

Let $m_{1}$, $m_{2}$, $n_{1}$, $n_{2}$, $n_{3},$ and $k$ be non-negative integers. Let $K$ be any positive number. Let the Laurent polynomials $A_{k}(q)=A_{m_{1},m_{2},n_{1},n_{2},n_{3},k,K}(q)$ be defined by

[TABLE]

where $A_{k}(q)$ is a Laurent polynomial of the form

[TABLE]

Let $l=\lfloor\frac{2K+1}{4}\rfloor$. For given $k$, and $K$, if $m_{1},m_{2}\geq 1$, and $n_{1}$, $n_{2}$ and $n_{3}$ are large enough, then the coefficients $a_{M,k}$ satisfy the following sign pattern:

[TABLE]

Notes

1. (1)

If $m_{1}=0=m_{2}$, then the products on the left-hand side of (4) are a special case of those considered in [5, Conjecture 1]. 2. (2)

When $K=1$, Conjecture 3 reduces to Conjecture 2. 3. (3)

We gathered data for the following values of the variables systematically.

[TABLE]

In addition, we considered many random values, with

[TABLE]

In case we obtained a set of values that did not satisfy the required sign pattern, we performed further computations with larger values of $n_{1}$, $n_{2}$ or $n_{3}$. 4. (4)

In our experiments, we found only a few values where the predicted sign pattern does not hold, even for large values of $n_{1}$, $n_{2}$ and $n_{3}$. All of these were with either $m_{1}=0$ or $m_{2}=0$. For example, when $m_{1}=4,m_{2}=0,K=3,k=18$. In particular the coefficient of $p^{18}q^{26}$ is predicted to be negative, but is in fact $1$, when $n_{1}$ and $n_{2}$ are large. This is the reason for the condition $m_{1},m_{2}\geq 1$ in the statements of Conjectures 2 and 3.

3. Multiple series representations

In this section we extend Andrews’ explicit expressions for the polynomials $A_{n}(q)$, $B_{n}(q)$ and $C_{n}(q)$ of (1) appearing in the first Borwein conjecture. Andrews [1, Eqs. (3.4)–(3.6)] showed that

[TABLE]

where

[TABLE]

denotes the $q$-binomial coefficient. We use a result of Kaneko [7] from the theory of basic hypergeometric series with Macdonald polynomial argument (see [6, 8]) to give analogous expressions for the functions involved in Conjecture 1.

Let $F_{m,n}(p,q)$ denote the left-hand side of (1). We first dissect it as follows.

[TABLE]

Thus, we have the definitions:

[TABLE]

We extend Andrews’ identities by writing each $F^{l}_{m,n}(p,q)$ (for $l=0,1,2$) as a $(2m+1)$-fold sum.

In the following, $\lambda$ is an integer partition. That is, $\lambda$ is any sequence

[TABLE]

of non-negative integers such that $\lambda_{1}\geq\lambda_{2}\geq\cdots\geq\lambda_{n}\geq\cdots$, and contains only finitely many non-zero terms, called the parts of $\lambda$. We use the symbol $|\lambda|:=\lambda_{1}+\lambda_{2}+\cdots$ and say $\lambda$ is a partition of $|\lambda|$. In slight misuse of notation we shall also use $\lambda$ to denote finite non-increasing sequences of integers which are not necessarily all non-negative. For such sequences $\lambda$ the symbol $|\lambda|$ is understood to denote the sum of the elements of $\lambda$, as one would expect.

Theorem 4**.**

For $l=0,1,2$ we have

[TABLE]

Remark*.*

From the expression in Theorem 4 it is not obvious that the functions $F^{l}_{m,n}(p,q)$ are actually polynomials in $p$ of degree $2m(m+1)n$.

Before proving the theorem, we outline some background information from the theory of basic hypergeometric series with Macdonald polynomial argument. For the definition of the Macdonald polynomials $P_{\lambda}(x_{1},\dots,x_{n};q,t)$ together with their most essential properties, we refer to Macdonald’s book [9].

In particular, the $P_{\lambda}(x_{1},\dots,x_{n};q,t)$ are homogenous in $x_{1},\dots,x_{n}$ of degree $|\lambda|$; we have, after scaling each $x_{i}$ by $z$,

[TABLE]

We also make use of the principal specialization formula [9, p. 343, Ex. 5]: Let

[TABLE]

where $\lambda$ has at most $n$ parts, and $n(\lambda)=\sum_{i=1}^{n}(i-1)\lambda_{i}$.

We require the following lemma.

Lemma 5**.**

Let $N$ be a non-negative integer. Then

[TABLE]

Proof.

We use a reformulation of a result by Kaneko [7, Lemma 2]. Let $N$ be a non-negative integer. Then

[TABLE]

where $\lambda-\lambda_{n}$ stands for the partition $(\lambda_{1}-\lambda_{n},\dots,\lambda_{n}-\lambda_{n})$.

In Kaneko’s identity, we take $x_{i}=-z^{-1}t^{i-1}$, for $1\leq i\leq n$, make use of the homogeneity (6) and the principal specialization in (7), to obtain the lemma. ∎

Proof of Theorem 4.

We first observe that the product on the left-hand side of (1) can be written as

[TABLE]

Next, we apply the $(n,N,z,q,t)\mapsto(2m+1,n,p^{m}q,q^{3},p)$ case of Lemma 5 to arrive at

[TABLE]

By picking the coefficients of $q^{l}$ with $l$ belonging to a residue class modulo $3$, we obtain the theorem. ∎

Remark*.*

We can obtain a more general multiseries expression for the products

[TABLE]

by following a similar analysis as carried out in the proof of Theorem 4, where we apply the $(n,N,z,q,t)\mapsto(2m+1,n,p^{m}q^{a},q^{2K+1},p)$ case of Lemma 5. The case $a=K$ gives the products on the left-hand side of (4), with $n=n_{1}=n_{2}=n_{3}$ and $m=m_{1}=m_{2}$.

Acknowledgements

We thank Dennis Stanton and the anonymous referee for helpful suggestions. The computational results presented here have been achieved in part using the Vienna Scientific Cluster (VSC). The research of the first author was partially supported by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF), grant F50-N15, in the framework of the Special Research Program “Algorithmic and Enumerative Combinatorics”. The research of the second author was partially supported by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF), grant P 3205-N35. Open access funding is provided by the University of Vienna.