# Complete resource pooling of a load balancing policy for a network of battery swapping stations

## TL;DR

This paper analyzes a battery swapping network for electric vehicles, proposing a capacity provisioning rule that ensures near-optimal resource utilization and quality of service through complete resource pooling.

## Contribution

It introduces a capacity provisioning rule for battery swapping stations that achieves complete resource pooling and near-optimal performance in a Markovian queueing model.

## Key findings

- Capacity provisioning leads to near-optimal resource utilization.
- State-space collapse implies performance as if resources are pooled.
- Guarantees good quality-of-service levels for EV users.

## Abstract

To reduce carbon emission in the transportation sector, there is currently a steady move taking place to an electrified transportation system. This brings about various issues for which a promising solution involves the construction and operation of a battery swapping infrastructure rather than in-vehicle charging of batteries. In this paper, we study a closed Markovian queueing network that allows for spare batteries under a dynamic arrival policy. We propose a provisioning rule for the capacity levels and show that these lead to near-optimal resource utilization, while guaranteeing good quality-of-service levels for Electric Vehicle (EV) users. Key in the derivations is to prove a state-space collapse result, which in turn implies that performance levels are as good as if there would have been a single station with an aggregated number of resources, thus achieving complete resource pooling.