# Characterization of hybrid piezoelectric nanogenerators through dynamic asymptotic homogenization

## TL;DR

This paper develops a dynamic asymptotic homogenization method to analyze hybrid piezoelectric nanogenerators with ZnO nanorods in polymer matrices, exploring their static and dynamic behaviors for flexible energy harvesting applications.

## Contribution

It introduces a novel multi-field homogenization approach to characterize complex nanostructured piezoelectric devices, considering both static and dynamic regimes.

## Key findings

- Effective constitutive behavior of nanogenerators characterized
- Design principles for extension and bending nanogenerators established
- Wave propagation analysis reveals key dynamic features

## Abstract

In the framework of energy scavenging for applications in flexible/strechable electronics, hybrid piezoelectric nanogenerators, made up with Zinc oxyde nanorods, embedded in a polymeric matrix, and growth on a flexible polymeric support, are investigated. The ZnO nanorods are arranged in clusters, forming nearly regular distributions, so that periodic topologies can be realistically assumed. Focus is on a dynamic multi-field asymptotic homogenization approach, proposed to grasp the overall constitutive behaviour of such complex microstrutcures. A set of applications, both in static and dynamic regime, is proposed to explore different design paradigms, related to nanogenerators based on three working principles. Both extension and bending nanogenerators are, indeed, analysed, considering either extension along the nanorods axis, or orthogonally to it. The study of the wave propagation is, also, exploited to comprehend the main features of such piezoelectric devices in the dynamic regime.