# Cavitation and ventilation modalities during ditching

## TL;DR

This study experimentally investigates cavitation and ventilation phenomena during aircraft ditching, revealing velocity-dependent flow modalities and their impact on aircraft hydrodynamics and safety during water landings.

## Contribution

It provides new insights into the velocity thresholds and flow transitions between cavitation and ventilation during ditching, highlighting limitations of scaled model tests.

## Key findings

- Cavitation starts at about 30 m/s.
- Flow modalities vary significantly with small velocity changes.
- Transition from cavitation to ventilation affects aircraft load distribution.

## Abstract

The flow taking place in the rear part of the fuselage during the emergency landing on water is investigated experimentally in realistic conditions. To this aim, tests on a double curvature specimen have been performed at horizontal velocities ranging from 21 m/s to 45 m/s. Tests data highlight different cavitation and/or ventilation modalities which are highly dependent on the horizontal velocity, with substantial variations in the flow features occurring with velocity variations of few meters per second. For the specimen considered here, the inception of the cavitation is found at about 30 m/s, confirming that scaled model tests performed at small horizontal velocities are unable to capture the hydrodynamics correctly. By comparing pressure data, underwater movies and force measurements, it is shown that the transition from cavitation to ventilation condition has a significant effect of the longitudinal distribution of the loading which, together with inertia, aerodynamic loads and engine thrust, governs the aircraft dynamics.