# Confirming the Existence of the strong CP Problem in Lattice QCD with the Gradient Flow

## TL;DR

This study uses lattice QCD with gradient flow to calculate the nucleon electric dipole moment induced by the QCD theta term, providing insights into the strong CP problem and setting bounds on the theta parameter.

## Contribution

First lattice QCD calculation of nucleon EDM with gradient flow controlling topological charge, extrapolated to physical pion mass and continuum limit, confirming the strong CP problem.

## Key findings

- Nucleon EDM proportional to theta with small coefficients
- Experimental bounds constrain theta to less than 2×10^{-10}
- Mild discretization effects suggest continuum-like behavior

## Abstract

We calculate the electric dipole moment of the nucleon induced by the QCD theta term. We use the gradient flow to define the topological charge and use $N_f = 2+1$ flavors of dynamical quarks corresponding to pion masses of $700$, $570$, and $410$ MeV, and perform an extrapolation to the physical point based on chiral perturbation theory. We perform calculations at $3$ different lattice spacings in the range of $0.07~{\rm fm} < a < 0.11$ fm at a single value of the pion mass, to enable control on discretization effects. We also investigate finite size effects using $2$ different volumes. A novel technique is applied to improve the signal-to-noise ratio in the form factor calculations. The very mild discretization effects observed suggest a continuum-like behavior of the nucleon EDM towards the chiral limit. Under this assumption our results read $d_{n}=-0.00152(71)\ \bar\theta\ e~\text{fm}$ and $d_{p}=0.0011(10)\ \bar\theta\ e~\text{fm}$. Assuming the theta term is the only source of CP violation, the experimental bound on the neutron electric dipole moment limits $\left|\bar\theta\right| < 1.98\times 10^{-10}$ ($90\%$ CL). A first attempt at calculating the nucleon Schiff moment in the continuum resulted in $S_{p} = 0.50(59)\times 10^{-4}\ \bar\theta\ e~\text{fm}^3$ and $S_{n} = -0.10(43)\times 10^{-4}\ \bar\theta\ e~\text{fm}^3$.