# Lattice dynamics, crystal-field excitations and quadrupolar fluctuations of YbRu$_2$Ge$_2$

## TL;DR

This study uses Raman scattering to investigate phononic and crystal-field excitations in YbRu$_2$Ge$_2$, revealing a quasi-quartet ground state, quadrupolar fluctuations, and coupling between phonons and CF transitions, suggesting ferroquadrupolar order.

## Contribution

First detailed Raman analysis of YbRu$_2$Ge$_2$ revealing its CF level scheme, quadrupolar fluctuations, and phonon coupling, providing insights into its ferroquadrupolar phase.

## Key findings

- CF ground state is a quasi-quartet with a ~2 cm$^{-1}$ splitting.
- Lowest-energy CF transition intensity increases on cooling, indicating coupling to quadrupolar fluctuations.
- Phonon intensities increase on cooling, suggesting near-resonant coupling with CF transitions.

## Abstract

We report Raman-scattering results of YbRu$_2$Ge$_2$ single crystals to explore the phononic and crystal-field (CF) excitations. This heavy-fermion metal is suggested to enter a ferroquadrupolar (FQ) phase below T$_0$=10 K. The tetragonal CF potential splits the Yb$^{3+}$ $^2F_{7/2}$ ground multiplet into two $\Gamma_6$ and two $\Gamma_7$ Kramers doublets. We establish the following CF level scheme of the ground multiplet: a $\Gamma_6$ ground state, with the two $\Gamma_7$ states at 2 cm$^{-1}$, 95 cm$^{-1}$ and the other $\Gamma_6$ state at 239 cm$^{-1}$. The $\sim$2 cm$^{-1}$ separation between the CF ground and first excited states is in agreement with the previously proposed quasi-quartet CF ground state. The intensity of the lowest-energy CF transition remarkably increases on cooling, indicating a coupling of this CF excitation to the quadrupolar fluctuations above T$_0$. From symmetry analysis, we suggest that the FQ order has B$_{1g}$ symmetry. Moreover, temperature-dependent study of four Raman-active phonon modes shows that the intensities of the A$_{1g}$ and one E$_{g}$ modes increase significantly on cooling, which is explained by a near-resonant coupling between these two phonon modes and CF transitions.