# Conditions for Reionizing the Universe with A Low Galaxy Ionizing Photon Escape Fraction

## TL;DR

This study models cosmic reionization considering low galaxy escape fractions, combining simulations and observations, and finds that faint galaxies and evolving efficiencies can explain the reionization timeline consistent with most data.

## Contribution

It introduces a simulation-based, halo-mass dependent escape fraction model combined with luminosity functions to better understand reionization history and constraints.

## Key findings

- Faint galaxies dominate ionizing emissivity during reionization.
- A low average escape fraction (<5%) can still explain reionization constraints.
- Model predicts a higher ionized volume fraction at z=7 than some observations suggest.

## Abstract

We explore scenarios for reionizing the intergalactic medium with low galaxy ionizing photon escape fractions. We combine simulation-based halo-mass dependent escape fractions with an extrapolation of the observed galaxy rest-ultraviolet luminosity functions to solve for the reionization history from z=20 to z=4. We explore the posterior distributions for key unknown quantities, including the limiting halo mass for star-formation, the ionizing photon production efficiency, and a potential contribution from active galactic nuclei (AGN). We marginalize over the allowable parameter space using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo method, finding a solution which satisfies the most model-independent constraints on reionization. Our fiducial model can match observational constraints with an average escape fraction of <5% throughout the bulk of the epoch of reionization if: i) galaxies form stars down to the atomic cooling limit before reionization and a photosuppression mass of log(M_h/Msol)~9 during/after reionization (-13<M_UV,lim<-11); ii) galaxies become more efficient producers of ionizing photons at higher redshifts and fainter magnitudes, and iii) there is a significant, but sub-dominant, contribution by AGN at z < 7. In this model the faintest galaxies (M_UV>-15) dominate the ionizing emissivity, leading to an earlier start to reionization and a smoother evolution of the ionized volume filling fraction than models which assume a single escape fraction at all redshifts and luminosities. The ionizing emissivity from this model is consistent with observations at z=4-5 (and below, when extrapolated), in contrast to some models which assume a single escape fraction. Our predicted ionized volume filling fraction at z=7 of Q_HII=78% (+\- 8%) is in ~1-2 sigma tension with observations of Lya emitters at z~7 and the damping wing analyses of the two known z>7 quasars, which prefer Q_HII,z=7~40-50%.