# Heating in Nanophotonic Traps for Cold Atoms

## TL;DR

This paper develops a theoretical model explaining the excessive heating of cold atoms in nanophotonic traps, identifying mechanical vibrations of waveguides as the main cause, and suggests strategies to reduce this heating for quantum applications.

## Contribution

The paper introduces a comprehensive theory of particle-phonon interactions in nanophotonic traps and validates it with experimental data, revealing the dominant heating mechanism.

## Key findings

- Mechanical vibrations cause significant atom heating in nanophotonic traps.
- The dominant heating process is due to optomechanical coupling with waveguide flexural modes.
- Strategies to minimize heating are proposed based on the theory.

## Abstract

Laser-cooled atoms that are trapped and optically interfaced with light in nanophotonic waveguides are a powerful platform for fundamental research in quantum optics as well as for applications in quantum communication and quantum information processing. Ever since the first realization of such a hybrid quantum nanophotonic, heating rates of the atomic motion observed in various experimental settings have typically been exceeding those in comparable free-space optical microtraps by about three orders of magnitude. This excessive heating is a roadblock for the implementation of certain protocols and devices. Its origin has so far remained elusive and, at the typical atom-surface separations of less than an optical wavelength encountered in nanophotonic traps, numerous effects may potentially contribute to atom heating. Here, we theoretically describe the effect of mechanical vibrations of waveguides on guided light fields and provide a general theory of particle-phonon interaction in nanophotonic traps. We test our theory by applying it to the case of laser-cooled cesium atoms in nanofiber-based two-color optical traps. We find excellent quantitative agreement between the predicted heating rates and experimentally measured values. Our theory predicts that, in this setting, the dominant heating process stems from the optomechanical coupling of the optically trapped atoms to the continuum of thermally occupied flexural mechanical modes of the waveguide structure. Beyond unraveling the long-standing riddle of excessive heating in nanofiber-based atom traps, we also study the dependence of the heating rates on the relevant system parameters. Our findings allow us to propose several strategies for minimizing the heating. Finally, our findings are also highly relevant for optomechanics experiments with dielectric nanoparticles that are optically trapped close to nanophotonic waveguides.