# Balancing-Aware Charging Strategy For Series-Connected Lithium-Ion Cells: A Nonlinear Model Predictive Control Approach

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a nonlinear model predictive control strategy for balancing and optimizing the charging of series-connected lithium-ion cells, using an electrochemical model and validated through simulations.

## Contribution

It presents a novel nonlinear MPC approach tailored for balancing-aware charging of lithium-ion cells, with practical implementation considerations.

## Key findings

- Effective balancing achieved in simulations
- Validated approach on commercial cells
- Potential for improved battery lifespan

## Abstract

Charge unbalance is one of the key issues for series-connected Lithium-ion cells. Within this context, model-based optimization strategies have proven to be the most effective. In the present paper, an ad-hoc electrochemical model, tailored to control purposes, is firstly presented. Relying on this latter, a general nonlinear MPC for balancing-aware optimal charging is then proposed. In view of the possibility of a practical implementation, the concepts are subsequently specialized for an easily implementable power supply scheme. Finally, the nonlinear MPC approach is validated on commercial cells using a detailed battery simulator, with sound evidence of its effectiveness.