# 2-universality in randomly perturbed graphs

## TL;DR

This paper proves that union of a graph with positive minimum degree and a random graph with appropriate edge probability is almost surely universal for all degree-2 graphs, extending and improving previous results.

## Contribution

It establishes asymptotically optimal conditions for universality in randomly perturbed graphs, extending prior work to broader parameters and girth constraints.

## Key findings

- Union of $G_eta$ and $G(n,p)$ is universal for $(n,2)$ with $p= ext{omega}(n^{-2/3})$.
- Results extend previous embedding theorems to broader parameters.
- Universality for graphs with large girth at lower edge probabilities.

## Abstract

A graph $G$ is called universal for a family of graphs $\mathcal{F}$ if it contains every element $F \in \mathcal{F}$ as a subgraph. Let $\mathcal{F}(n,2)$ be the family of all graphs with maximum degree $2$. Ferber, Kronenberg, and Luh [Optimal Threshold for a Random Graph to be 2-Universal, to appear in Transactions of the American Mathematical Society] proved that there exists a $C$ such that for $p \ge C (n^{-2/3} \log^{1/3} n )$ the random graph $G(n,p)$ a.a.s is $\mathcal{F}(n,2)$-universal, which is asymptotically optimal. For any $n$-vertex graph $G_\alpha$ with minimum degree $\delta(G_\alpha) \ge \alpha n$ Aigner and Brandt [Embedding arbitrary graphs of maximum degree two, Journal of the London Mathematical Society 48 (1993), 39-51] proved that $G_\alpha$ is $\mathcal{F}(n,2)$-universal for an optimal $\alpha \ge 2/3$. In this note, we consider the model of randomly perturbed graphs, which is the union $G_\alpha \cup G(n,p)$. We prove that $G_\alpha \cup G(n,p)$ is a.a.s. $\mathcal{F}(n,2)$-universal provided that $\alpha>0$ and $p=\omega(n^{-2/3})$. This is asymptotically optimal and improves on both results from above in the respective parameter. Furthermore, this extends a result of B\"ottcher, Montgomery, Parczyk, and Person [Embedding spanning bounded degree subgraphs in randomly perturbed graphs, arXiv:1802.04603 (2018)], who embed a given $F \in \mathcal{F}(n,2)$ at these values. We also prove variants with universality for the family $\mathcal{F}^\ell(n,2)$, all graphs from $\mathcal{F}(n,2)$ with girth at least $\ell$. For example, there exists an $\ell_0$ depending only on $\alpha$ such that for all $\ell \ge \ell_0$ already $p=\omega(1/n)$ is sufficient for $\mathcal{F}^\ell(n,2)$-universality.