# Model for a Noise Matched Phased Array Feed

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a novel matrix-based model for Noise Matched Phased Array Feeds that accurately predicts system performance and can guide noise optimization for radio telescopes.

## Contribution

The model characterizes the PAF system with a single matrix derived from voltage covariances, enabling improved noise matching and performance prediction.

## Key findings

- Model predictions agree well with measurements.
- Noise matching can double the bandwidth of optimal performance.
- The matrix approach simplifies PAF system characterization.

## Abstract

We present a model for a Noise Matched Phased Array Feed (PAF) system and compare model predictions with the measurement results. The PAF system consists of an array feed, a receiver, a beamformer and a parabolic reflector. The novel aspect of our model is the characterization of the {\em PAF system} by a single matrix. This characteristic matrix is constructed from the open-circuit voltage covariance at the output of the PAF due to signal from the observing source, ground spillover noise, sky background noise and (low-noise) amplifier (LNA) noise. The best signal-to-noise ratio on the source achievable with the PAF system will be the maximum eigenvalue of the characteristic matrix. The voltage covariance due to signal and spillover noise are derived by applying the Lorentz reciprocity theorem. The receiver noise covariance and noise temperature are obtained in terms of Lange invariants such that they are suitable for noise matching the array feed. The model predictions are compared with the measured performance of a 1.4 GHz, 19-element, dual-polarized PAF on the Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope. We show that the model predictions, obtained with an additional noise contribution due to the measured losses ahead of the low-noise amplifier, compare well with the measured ratio of system temperature to aperture efficiency as a function of frequency and as a function of offset from the boresight. Further, our modeling indicates that the bandwidth over which this ratio is optimum can be improved by a factor of at least two by noise matching the PAF with the LNA.