# Quantum enhancement of charge density wave in NbS$_2$ in the 2D limit

## TL;DR

This study uses first-principles anharmonic calculations to reveal how quantum effects enhance charge density wave formation in monolayer NbS2, contrasting with bulk behavior and suggesting potential for tunable electronic devices.

## Contribution

It provides the first detailed quantum anharmonic analysis of charge density wave phenomena in NbS2, explaining experimental discrepancies and predicting strain-induced switching capabilities.

## Key findings

- Bulk NbS2 shows no charge order due to anharmonicity.
- Monolayer NbS2 exhibits a $3\times 3$ charge density wave reconstruction.
- Small strains can switch charge order on and off in monolayer NbS2.

## Abstract

At ambient pressure, bulk 2H-NbS$_2$ displays no charge density wave instability at odds with the isostructural and isoelectronic compounds 2H-NbSe$_2$, 2H-TaS$_2$ and 2H-TaSe$_2$, and in disagreement with harmonic calculations. Contradictory experimental results have been reported in supported single layers, as 1H-NbS$_2$ on Au(111) does not display a charge density wave, while 1H-NbS$_2$ on 6H-SiC(0001) endures a $3\times 3$ reconstruction. Here, by carrying out quantum anharmonic calculations from first-principles, we evaluate the temperature dependence of phonon spectra in NbS$_2$ bulk and single layer as a function of pressure/strain. For bulk 2H-NbS$_2$, we find excellent agreement with inelastic X-ray spectra and demonstrate the removal of charge ordering due to anharmonicity. In the 2D limit, we find an enhanced tendency toward charge density wave order. Freestanding 1H-NbS$_2$ undergoes a $3\times3$ reconstruction, in agreement with data on 6H-SiC(0001) supported samples. Moreover, as strains smaller than $0.5\%$ in the lattice parameter are enough to completely remove the $3\times3$ superstructure, deposition of 1H-NbS$_2$ on flexible substrates or a small charge transfer via field-effect could lead to devices with dynamical switching on/off of charge order.