# A LOFAR search for steep-spectrum pulsars in Supernova Remnants and Pulsar Wind Nebulae

## TL;DR

This study used LOFAR at 150 MHz to search for pulsars in supernova remnants and pulsar wind nebulae, identifying a candidate but ultimately not confirming new pulsars, and setting strict upper limits on their radio emissions.

## Contribution

First LOFAR survey targeting multiple SNRs and PWNe at low frequencies, providing new constraints on pulsar presence and properties in these remnants.

## Key findings

- Identified a promising pulsar candidate in PWN G141.2+5.0.
- Set stringent upper limits on pulsar flux densities in the observed remnants.
- Ruled out the presence of detectable pulsars in several SNRs based on non-detections.

## Abstract

Pinpointing a pulsar in its parent supernova remnant (SNR) or resulting pulsar wind nebula (PWN) is key for understanding its formation history, and the pulsar wind mechanism. Yet, only about half the SNRs and PWNe appear associated with a pulsar. We aim to find the pulsars in a sample of eight known and new SNRs and PWNe. Using the LOFAR radio telescope at 150 MHz, each source was observed for 3 hours. We covered the entire remnants where needed, by employing many tied-array beams to tile out even the largest objects. For objects with a confirmed point source or PWN we constrained our search to those lines of sight. We identify a promising radio pulsar candidate towards PWN G141.2+5.0. The candidate, PSR J0337+61, has a period of 94 ms and a DM of 226 pc cm$^{-3}$. We re-observed the source twice with increased sensitivities of 30% and 50% but did not re-detect it. It thus remains unconfirmed. For our other sources we obtain very stringent upper limits of 0.8-3.1 mJy at 150 MHz. Generally we can rule out that the pulsars travelled out of the remnant. From these strict limits we conclude our non-detections towards point-sources and PWNe are the result of beaming and propagation effects. Some of the remaining SNRs should host a black hole rather than a neutron star.