# Remarks on the influence of quantum vacuum fluctuations over a charged test particle near a conducting wall

## TL;DR

This paper investigates how quantum vacuum fluctuations, modified by a conducting boundary and a controllable transition, influence the motion of a charged particle, revealing new effects and the importance of thermal contributions.

## Contribution

It introduces a model with a controllable vacuum transition, analyzing velocity dispersions at finite and zero temperature, and challenges previous idealized assumptions about vacuum dominance.

## Key findings

- Thermal effects can dominate near the wall, rivaling vacuum effects.
- The residual velocity dispersion depends on the transition duration.
- A cooling effect due to subvacuum fluctuations can reduce particle kinetic energy.

## Abstract

Quantum vacuum fluctuations of the electromagnetic field in empty space seem not to produce observable effects over the motion of a charged test particle. However, when a change in the background vacuum state is implemented, as for instance when a conducting boundary is introduced, dispersions of the particle velocity may occur. As a consequence, besides the existence of classical effects due to the interaction between particle and boundary, there will be a quantum contribution to the motion of the particle whose magnitude depends on how fast the transition between the different vacuum states occurs. Here this issue is revisited and a smooth transition with a controllable switching time between the vacuum states of the system is implemented. Dispersions of the particle velocity in both, zero and finite temperature regimes are examined. More than just generalizing previous results for specific configurations, new effects are unveiled. Particularly, it is shown that the well known vacuum dominance reported to occur arbitrarily near the wall is a consequence of assumed idealizations. The use of a controllable switching enable us to conclude that thermal effects can be as important as or even stronger than vacuum effects arbitrarily near the wall. Additionally, the residual effect predicted to occur in the late time regime was here shown to be linked to the duration of the transition. In this sense, such effect is understood to be a sort of particle energy exchanging due to the vacuum state transition. Furthermore, in certain arrangements a sort of cooling effect over the motion of the particle can occur, i.e., the kinetic energy of the particle is lessen by a certain amount due to subvacuum quantum fluctuations.