# On the Theoretical Limits of Beam Steering in mmWave Massive MIMO Channels

## TL;DR

This paper investigates the fundamental limits of analog beam steering in mmWave massive MIMO systems, showing that hybrid beamforming can outperform it in spectral efficiency, especially at high SNR and large antenna counts.

## Contribution

It provides a theoretical analysis comparing analog beam steering and hybrid beamforming, deriving bounds and demonstrating the superiority of hybrid beamforming in spectral efficiency.

## Key findings

- Hybrid beamforming achieves higher spectral efficiency than analog beam steering.
- Analog beam steering saturates in spectral efficiency at high SNR.
- Hybrid beamforming scales with SNR and approaches optimal efficiency with many antennas.

## Abstract

Analog Beamsteering (ABS) has emerged as a low complexity, power efficient solution for MillimeterWave (mmWave) massive Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) systems. Moreover, driven by the low spatial correlation between the User Terminals (UTs) with high number of transmit antennas (massive MIMO) at the Base Station (BS), ABS can be used to support Multi User (MU) MIMO scenarios instead of digital or Hybrid Beamforming (HBF). However, we show in this paper, that even with high number of transmit antennas, the HBF can achieve better Spectral Efficiency (SE) compared to the MU ABS even in pure Line of Sight (LoS) channels. Moreover, we prove that the MU ABS saturates to a constant SE at high transmit Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) and we theoretically derive an approximation to that saturation bound in this paper. On the other hand, we highlight that the HBF's SE scales with the transmit SNR even in high SNR regime. Finally, given the same power consumption and hardware complexity as the MU ABS case, we show that HBF asymptotically achieves the optimal SE (ideal non interference scenario) when increasing the number of transmit antennas.