# Exact nonequilibrium quantum observable statistics: A large-deviation approach

## TL;DR

This paper derives the exact large-deviation probability distribution for quantum observable outcomes in nonequilibrium systems, providing insights beyond average values and confirmed by numerical simulations.

## Contribution

It introduces an analytical large-deviation framework for quantum observable statistics, capturing fluctuations due to measurements and environment interactions.

## Key findings

- Exact large-deviation form of quantum observable statistics derived.
- Most probable measurement outcome distribution obtained.
- Numerical simulations confirm theoretical predictions.

## Abstract

The exact statistics of an arbitrary quantum observable is analytically obtained. Due to the probabilistic nature of a sequence of intermediate measurements and stochastic fluctuations induced by the interaction with the environment, the measurement outcomes at the end of the system's evolution are random variables. Here, we provide the exact large-deviation form of their probability distribution, which is given by an exponentially decaying profile in the number of measurements. The most probable distribution of the measurement outcomes in a single realization of the system transformation is then derived, thus achieving predictions beyond the expectation value. The theoretical results are confirmed by numerical simulations of an experimentally reproducible two-level system with stochastic Hamiltonian.