# Resolving 3D Disk Orientation using High-Resolution Images: New Constraints on Circumgalactic Gas Inflows

## TL;DR

This study combines high-resolution imaging and quasar absorption spectra to measure gas inflow speeds in star-forming galaxy disks, addressing previous orientation ambiguities and providing new constraints on circumgalactic gas accretion.

## Contribution

It introduces a method to resolve 3D disk orientation using spiral structure, enabling more accurate measurements of gas inflow velocities in galaxy disks.

## Key findings

- Maximum radial inflow speeds of 30-40 km/s in two galaxies.
- Radial inflow components are absent in at least one quasar sightline.
- Method improves constraints on circumgalactic gas accretion processes.

## Abstract

We constrain gas inflow speeds in star-forming galaxies with color gradients consistent with inside-out disk growth. Our method combines new measurements of disk orientation with previously described circumgalactic absorption in background quasar spectra. Two quantities, a position angle and an axis ratio, describe the projected shape of each galactic disk on the sky, leaving an ambiguity about which side of the minor axis is tipped toward the observer. This degeneracy regarding the 3D orientation of disks has compromised previous efforts to measure gas inflow speeds. We present HST and Keck/LGSAO imaging that resolves the spiral structure in five galaxies at redshift $z\approx0.2$. We determine the sign of the disk inclination for four galaxies, under the assumption that spiral arms trail the rotation. We project models for both radial infall in the disk plane and circular orbits onto each quasar sightline. We compare the resulting line-of-sight velocities to the observed velocity range of Mg II absorption in spectra of background quasars, which intersect the disk plane at radii between 69 and 115 kpc. For two sightlines, we constrain the maximum radial inflow speeds as 30-40 km s$^{-1}$. We also rule out a velocity component from radial inflow in one sightline, suggesting that the structures feeding gas to these growing disks do not have unity covering factor. We recommend appropriate selection criteria for building larger samples of galaxy--quasar pairs that produce orientations sensitive to constraining inflow properties.