# Galaxy clusters and a possible variation of the fine structure constant

## TL;DR

This paper investigates potential variations of the fine structure constant using galaxy cluster data, deriving new relations involving cosmic distances and analyzing Planck data to set bounds on such variations.

## Contribution

It introduces a new expression linking the fine structure constant variation to the cosmic distance duality relation and uses observational data to constrain this variation.

## Key findings

- Bounds on the variation of the fine structure constant are consistent with no change within uncertainties.
- The constant C is compatible with unity at 2σ, supporting the isothermality assumption.
- The derived relations provide a new method to test fundamental physics with galaxy clusters.

## Abstract

Galaxy clusters have been used as a cosmic laboratory to verify a possible time variation of fundamental constants. Particularly, it has been shown that the ratio $Y_{SZ}D_{A}^{2}/C_{XZS}Y_X $, which is expected to be constant with redshift, can be used to probe a variation of the fine structure constant, $\alpha$. In this ratio, $Y_{SZ}D_{A}^{2}$ is the integrated comptonization parameter of a galaxy cluster obtained via Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) effect observations multiplied by its angular diameter distance, $D_A$, $Y_X$ is the X-ray counterpart and $C_{XSZ}$ is an arbitrary constant. Using a combination of SZ and X-ray data, a recent analysis found $Y_{SZ}D_{A}^{2}/C_{XZS}Y_X = {\rm{C}} \alpha(z)^{3.5}$, where ${\rm{C}}$ is a constant. In this paper, following previous results that suggest that a variation of $\alpha$ necessarily leads to a violation of the cosmic distance duality relation, $D_L/D_A(1+z)^2 = 1$, where $D_L$ is the luminosity distance of a given source, we derive a new expression, $Y_{SZ}D_{A}^{2}/C_{XSZ}Y_X = {\rm{C}} \alpha^{3.5} \eta^{-1}(z)$, where $\eta(z) = D_L/D_A(1+z)^2$. In particular, considering the direct relation $\eta(z) \propto \alpha(z)^{1/2}$, derived from a class of dilaton runaway models, %class of modified gravity theories, and 61 measurements of the ratio $Y_{SZ}D_{A}^{2}/C_{XSZ}Y_X$ provided by the Planck collaboration, we discuss bounds on a possible variation of $\alpha$. We also estimate the value of the constant $ {\rm{C}}$, which is compatible with the unity at $2\sigma$ level, indicating that the assumption of isothermality for the temperature profile of the galaxy clusters used in the analysis holds.