Monitoring Spontaneous Charge-density Fluctuations by Single-molecule Diffraction of Quantum Light

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that quantum detection in X-ray diffraction can directly measure charge-density phases and fluctuations, providing richer information than classical methods, with simulations on cysteine illustrating the approach.

Contribution

It introduces a quantum diffraction technique that captures phase information and multidimensional charge-density fluctuations, surpassing classical diffraction capabilities.

Findings

Quantum detection reveals charge density phase information.

Repeated measurements provide multidimensional fluctuation data.

Simulations confirm the method's effectiveness on cysteine.

Abstract

Homodyne X-ray diffraction signals produced by classical light and classical detectors are given by the modulus square of the charge density in momentum space $\left|\sigma(\mathbf{q})\right|^{2}$, missing its phase which is required in order to invert the signal to real space. We show that quantum detection of the radiation field yields a linear diffraction pattern that reveals $\sigma(\mathbf{q})$ itself, including the phase. We further show that repeated diffraction measurements with variable delays constitute a novel multidimensional measure of spontaneous charge-density fluctuations. Classical diffraction, in contrast, only reveals a subclass of even-order correlation functions. Simulations of two dimensional signals obtained by two diffraction events are presented for the amino acid cysteine.