# Revisit of non-linear Landau damping for electrostatic instability driven by blazar-induced pair beams

## TL;DR

This paper investigates the impact of non-linear Landau damping on the electrostatic instability of blazar-induced pair beams, revealing how wave energy transfer and IGM temperature influence beam relaxation times.

## Contribution

It provides a realistic 2D model for the spectral evolution of electrostatic waves, demonstrating the significance of non-linear Landau damping in pair-beam relaxation.

## Key findings

- Non-linear Landau damping transfers wave energy to small wavenumbers.
- Relaxation time depends strongly on IGM temperature, exceeding inverse Compton time at low T_IGM.
- Collisions and other non-linear processes can significantly alter relaxation times.

## Abstract

We revisit the effect of non-linear Landau (NL) damping on the electrostatic instability of blazar-induced pair beams, using a realistic pair-beam distribution. We employ a simplified 2D model in ${\bf k}$-space to study the evolution of the electric-field spectrum and to calculate the relaxation time of the beam. We demonstrate that the 2D model is an adequate representation of the 3D physics. We find that non-linear Landau damping, once it operates efficiently, transports essentially the entire wave energy to small wavenumbers where wave driving is weak or absent. The relaxation time also strongly depends on the IGM temperature, $T_\mathrm{IGM}$, and for $T_\mathrm{IGM}\ll10$ eV, and in the absence of any other damping mechanism, the relaxation time of the pair beam is longer than the inverse Compton (IC) scattering time. The weak late-time beam energy losses arise from the accumulation of wave energy at small $k$, that non-linearly drains the wave energy at the resonant $\mathbf{k}$ of the pair-beam instability. Any other dissipation process operating at small $k$ would reduce that wave-energy drain and hence lead to stronger pair-beam energy losses. As an example, collisions reduce the relaxation time by an order of magnitude, although their rate is very small. Other non-linear processes, such as the modulation instability, could provide additional damping of the non-resonant waves and dramatically reduce the relaxation time of the pair beam. An accurate description of the spectral evolution of the electrostatic waves is crucial for calculating the relaxation time of the pair beam.