# Triggering magnetar outbursts in 3D force-free simulations

## TL;DR

This study uses 3D force-free general relativity simulations to explore magnetar outbursts, revealing how magnetic twist leads to instabilities, reconnection, and periodic energy releases, with implications for magnetar surface heating.

## Contribution

First 3D force-free simulations of magnetar magnetosphere dynamics, demonstrating the effects of magnetic helicity injection and the resulting instabilities and energy releases.

## Key findings

- Twisting beyond a critical point triggers magnetic instabilities.
- Recurrent energy releases occur with each helicity injection.
- Surface temperature increases with injected twist, especially in tropical regions.

## Abstract

In this letter, we present the first 3D force-free general relativity simulations of the magnetosphere dynamics related to the magnetar outburst/flare phenomenology. Starting from an initial dipole configuration, we adiabatically increase the helicity by twisting the footprints of a spot on the stellar surface and follow the succession of quasi-equilibrium states until a critical twist is reached. Twisting beyond that point triggers instabilities that results in the rapid expansion of magnetic field lines, followed by reconnection, as observed in previous axi-symmetric simulations. If the injection of magnetic helicity goes on, the process is recurrent, periodically releasing a similar amount of energy, of the order of a few % of the total magnetic energy. From our current distribution, we estimate the local temperature assuming that dissipation occurs mainly in the highly resistive outermost layer of the neutron star. We find that the temperature smoothly increases with injected twist, being larger for spots located in the tropical regions than in polar regions, and rather independent of their sizes. After the injection of helicity ceases, the magnetosphere relaxes to a new stable state, in which the persistent currents maintain the footprints area slightly hotter than before the onset of the instability.