# Indirect link between resonant and guided modes on uniform and periodic slabs

## TL;DR

This paper reveals an indirect connection between resonant and guided modes in uniform and periodic dielectric slabs through analytic and numerical methods, highlighting mode evolution and exceptional points in non-Hermitian eigenvalue problems.

## Contribution

It establishes a novel link between resonant and guided modes, including improper and leaky modes, using a comprehensive non-Hermitian eigenvalue framework.

## Key findings

- Resonant modes evolve into guided modes at exceptional points.
- Improper and leaky modes are related to resonant and guided modes.
- Mode transitions are characterized by eigenvalue analysis on slabs.

## Abstract

A uniform or periodic dielectric slab can serve as an optical waveguide for which guided modes are important, and it can also be used as a diffraction structure for which resonant modes with complex frequencies are relevant. Guided modes are normally studied below the lightline where they exist continuously and emerge from points on the lightline, but isolated guided modes may exist above the lightline and they are the so-called bound states in the continuum. Resonant modes are usually studied above the lightline (defined using the real part of the complex frequency), but they are not connected to the guided modes on the lightline. In this work, through analytic and numerical calculations for uniform and periodic slabs, we establish an indirect link between the resonant and guided modes. It is shown that as the (Bloch) wavenumber is increased, a resonant mode continues its existence below the lightline, until it reaches its end at an Exceptional Point (EP) where a pair of improper modes emerge, and one branch of improper modes eventually approaches the lightline at the starting point of a guided mode. Leaky modes with a real frequency and a complex (Bloch) wavenumber (propagation constant) are also related to the improper modes. They emerge at EPs in eigenvalue formulations where the frequency is regarded as a parameter. Our study is based on a non-Hermitian eigenvalue formulation that includes resonant, improper and leaky modes, and provides a complete picture for different kinds of eigenmodes on uniform and periodic slabs.