# Emergence of leader-follower hierarchy among players in an on-line experiment

## TL;DR

This study demonstrates that simple rules like imitation and limited knowledge can lead to the spontaneous emergence of hierarchical structures in online social groups during a game.

## Contribution

It provides experimental evidence on how hierarchies form among individuals through limited interactions and performance observations in a controlled online setting.

## Key findings

- Hierarchies became more structured over time during the game.
- Players' scores correlated with their hierarchical positions.
- Limited advice-seeking behavior sufficed for hierarchy emergence.

## Abstract

Hierarchical networks are prevalent in nature and society, corresponding to groups of actors - animals, humans or even robots - organised according to a pyramidal structure with decision makers at the top and followers at the bottom. While this phenomenon is seemingly universal, the underlying governing principles are poorly understood. Here we study the emergence of hierarchies in groups of people playing a simple dot guessing game in controlled experiments, lasting for about 40 rounds, conducted over the Internet. During the games, the players had the possibility to look at the answer of a limited number of other players of their choice. This act of asking for advice defines a directed connection between the involved players, and according to our analysis, the initial random configuration of the emerging networks became more structured overt time, showing signs of hierarchy towards the end of the game. In addition, the achieved score of the players appeared to be correlated with their position in the hierarchy. These results indicate that under certain conditions imitation and limited knowledge about the performance of other actors is sufficient for the emergence of hierarchy in a social group.