A stack-vector routing protocol for automatic tunneling

TL;DR

This paper introduces the first fully distributed routing algorithm that automatically manages nested tunnels and protocol stacks, enabling scalable and efficient path computation in complex network environments.

Contribution

It presents a novel distributed algorithm for path computation with automatic tunneling, generalizing Bellman-Ford to handle protocol stacks, and proves its polynomial message size and convergence.

Findings

Algorithm converges after polynomial steps

Message size remains polynomial despite exponential path length

Simulation results demonstrate efficiency and practicality

Abstract

In a network, a tunnel is a part of a path where a protocol is encapsulated in another one. A tunnel starts with an encapsulation and ends with the corresponding decapsulation. Several tunnels can be nested at some stage, forming a protocol stack. Tunneling is very important nowadays and it is involved in several tasks: IPv4/IPv6 transition, VPNs, security (IPsec, onion routing), etc. However, tunnel establishment is mainly performed manually or by script, which present obvious scalability issues. Some works attempt to automate a part of the process (e.g., TSP, ISATAP, etc.). However, the determination of the tunnel(s) endpoints is not fully automated, especially in the case of an arbitrary number of nested tunnels. The lack of routing protocols performing automatic tunneling is due to the unavailability of path computation algorithms taking into account encapsulations and decapsulations. There is a polynomial centralized algorithm to perform the task. However, to the best of our knowledge, no fully distributed path computation algorithm is known. Here, we propose the first fully distributed algorithm for path computation with automatic tunneling, i.e., taking into account encapsulation, decapsulation and conversion of protocols. Our algorithm is a generalization of the distributed Bellman-Ford algorithm, where the distance vector is replaced by a protocol stack vector. This allows to know how to route a packet with some protocol stack. We prove that the messages size of our algorithm is polynomial, even if the shortest path can be of exponential length. We also prove that the algorithm converges after a polynomial number of steps in a synchronized setting. We adapt our algorithm into a proto-protocol for routing with automatic tunneling and we show its efficiency through simulations.