# A Long-Duration Luminous Type IIn Supernova KISS15s: Strong Recombination Lines from the Inhomogeneous Ejecta-CSM Interaction Region and Hot Dust Emission from Newly Formed Dust

## TL;DR

KISS15s is a long-lasting Type IIn supernova showing complex ejecta-CSM interaction, inhomogeneous ejecta morphology, and hot dust formation, revealing insights into massive star mass-loss before explosion.

## Contribution

This study presents detailed spectroscopic and infrared observations of KISS15s, highlighting its inhomogeneous ejecta-CSM interaction and dust formation, advancing understanding of progenitor mass-loss in Type IIn supernovae.

## Key findings

- Ejecta-CSM interaction region is inhomogeneous and anisotropic.
- Hot dust emission at ~1200 K indicates newly formed dust.
- Progenitor likely experienced significant mass-loss before explosion.

## Abstract

We report the discovery of an SN1988Z-like type IIn supernova KISS15s found in a low-mass star-forming galaxy at redshift z=0.038 during the course of the Kiso Supernova Survey (KISS). KISS15s shows long-duration optical continuum and emission line light curves, indicating that KISS15s is powered by a continuous interaction between the expanding ejecta and dense circumstellar medium (CSM). The H$\alpha$ emission line profile can be decomposed into four Gaussians of narrow, intermediate, blue-shifted intermediate, and broad velocity width components, with a full width at half maximum of $\lesssim 100$, $\sim 2,000$, and $\sim 14,000$ km s${}^{-1}$ for the narrow, intermediate, and broad components, respectively. The presence of the blue-shifted intermediate component, of which the line-of-sight velocity relative to the systemic velocity is about $-5,000$ km s${}^{-1}$, suggests that the ejecta-CSM interaction region has an inhomogeneous morphology and anisotropic expansion velocity. We found that KISS15s shows increasing infrared continuum emission, which can be interpreted as hot dust thermal emission of $T \sim 1,200$ K from newly formed dust in a cool, dense shell in the ejecta-CSM interaction region. The progenitor mass-loss rate, inferred from bolometric luminosity, is $\dot{M} \sim 0.4 M_{\odot} \text{yr}^{-1} (v_{w}/40 \text{km}~\text{s}^{-1})$, where $v_{w}$ is the progenitor's stellar wind velocity. This implies that the progenitor of KISS15s was a red supergiant star or a luminous blue variable that had experienced a large mass-loss in the centuries before the explosion.