# Penetrating particle ANalyzer (PAN)

## TL;DR

PAN is a novel scientific instrument designed for deep space missions to accurately measure penetrating particles, filling a crucial observational gap in cosmic ray research and space weather monitoring over an 11-year solar cycle.

## Contribution

It introduces a new layout and detection concept for a magnetic spectrometer optimized for deep space, with advanced detection technologies and low mass and power requirements.

## Key findings

- Achieves better than 10% energy resolution for nuclei from H to Fe at 1 GeV/n
- Provides continuous, precise measurements of cosmic rays and solar energetic particles
- Supports space weather studies and risk assessment for deep space travel

## Abstract

PAN is a scientific instrument suitable for deep space and interplanetary missions. It can precisely measure and monitor the flux, composition, and direction of highly penetrating particles ($> \sim$100 MeV/nucleon) in deep space, over at least one full solar cycle (~11 years). The science program of PAN is multi- and cross-disciplinary, covering cosmic ray physics, solar physics, space weather and space travel. PAN will fill an observation gap of galactic cosmic rays in the GeV region, and provide precise information of the spectrum, composition and emission time of energetic particle originated from the Sun. The precise measurement and monitoring of the energetic particles is also a unique contribution to space weather studies. PAN will map the flux and composition of penetrating particles, which cannot be shielded effectively, precisely and continuously, providing valuable input for the assessment of the related health risk, and for the development of an adequate mitigation strategy. PAN has the potential to become a standard on-board instrument for deep space human travel. PAN is based on the proven detection principle of a magnetic spectrometer, but with novel layout and detection concept. It will adopt advanced particle detection technologies and industrial processes optimized for deep space application. The device will require limited mass (~20 kg) and power (~20 W) budget. Dipole magnet sectors built from high field permanent magnet Halbach arrays, instrumented in a modular fashion with high resolution silicon strip detectors, allow to reach an energy resolution better than 10\% for nuclei from H to Fe at 1 GeV/n.