# Effects of hidden nodes on the reconstruction of bidirectional networks

## TL;DR

This paper investigates how hidden nodes affect the ability to reconstruct bidirectional networks from node dynamics, providing analytical insights and numerical verification of these effects.

## Contribution

It offers new analytical results explaining the impact of hidden nodes on network reconstruction, addressing a common real-world challenge.

## Key findings

- Hidden nodes significantly distort network reconstruction accuracy.
- Analytical formulas quantify the influence of hidden nodes.
- Numerical studies confirm theoretical predictions.

## Abstract

Much research effort has been devoted to developing methods for reconstructing the links of a network from dynamics of its nodes. Many current methods require the measurements of the dynamics of all the nodes be known. In real-world problems, it is common that either some nodes of a network of interest are unknown or the measurements of some nodes are unavailable. These nodes, either unknown or whose measurements are unavailable, are called hidden nodes. In this paper, we derive analytical results that explain the effects of hidden nodes on the reconstruction of bidirectional networks. These theoretical results and their implications are verified by numerical studies.