# Reference star differential imaging of close-in companions and circumstellar disks with the NIRC2 vortex coronagraph at W.M. Keck Observatory

## TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that reference star differential imaging (RDI) with the Keck/NIRC2 vortex coronagraph enhances detection sensitivity for close-in companions and circumstellar disks, outperforming ADI in certain scenarios.

## Contribution

The study shows that RDI improves detection sensitivity and accuracy in high contrast imaging, especially for close-in companions and circumstellar disks, compared to traditional ADI methods.

## Key findings

- RDI increases detection significance of point sources by up to 5 times compared to ADI.
- Pre-selection of reference frames improves detection significance by up to 3 times.
- RDI enables accurate mapping of circumstellar disks without self-subtraction artifacts.

## Abstract

Reference star differential imaging (RDI) is a powerful strategy for high contrast imaging. Using example observations taken with the vortex coronagraph mode of Keck/NIRC2 in $L^\prime$ band, we demonstrate that RDI provides improved sensitivity to point sources at small angular separations compared to angular differential imaging (ADI). Applying RDI to images of the low-mass stellar companions HIP 79124 C (192 mas separation, $\Delta L^\prime$=4.01) and HIP 78233 B (141 mas separation, $\Delta L^\prime$=4.78), the latter a first imaging detection, increases the significance of their detections by up to a factor of 5 with respect to ADI. We compare methods for reference frames selection and find that pre-selection of frames improves detection significance of point sources by up to a factor of 3. In addition, we use observations of the circumstellar disks around MWC 758 and 2MASS J16042165-2130284 to show that RDI allows for accurate mapping of scattered light distributions without self-subtraction artifacts.