# Blind GB-PANDAS: A Blind Throughput-Optimal Load Balancing Algorithm for Affinity Scheduling

## TL;DR

This paper introduces Blind GB-PANDAS, a novel load balancing algorithm that is throughput optimal and does not require knowledge of task arrival or service rates, using exploration-exploitation to improve system stability and task completion times.

## Contribution

The paper proposes Blind GB-PANDAS, the first throughput-optimal load balancing algorithm that operates without prior knowledge of service or arrival rates, using an exploration-exploitation approach.

## Key findings

- Blind GB-PANDAS is proven to be throughput optimal under unknown distributions.
- It significantly reduces mean task completion time at high loads.
- Outperforms existing methods in experimental evaluations.

## Abstract

Dynamic affinity load balancing of multi-type tasks on multi-skilled servers, when the service rate of each task type on each of the servers is known and can possibly be different from each other, is an open problem for over three decades. The goal is to do task assignment on servers in a real time manner so that the system becomes stable, which means that the queue lengths do not diverge to infinity in steady state (throughput optimality), and the mean task completion time is minimized (delay optimality). The fluid model planning, Max-Weight, and c-$\mu$-rule algorithms have theoretical guarantees on optimality in some aspects for the affinity problem, but they consider a complicated queueing structure and either require the task arrival rates, the service rates of tasks on servers, or both. In many cases that are discussed in the introduction section, both task arrival rates and service rates of different task types on different servers are unknown. In this work, the Blind GB-PANDAS algorithm is proposed which is completely blind to task arrival rates and service rates. Blind GB-PANDAS uses an exploration-exploitation approach for load balancing. We prove that Blind GB-PANDAS is throughput optimal under arbitrary and unknown distributions for service times of different task types on different servers and unknown task arrival rates. Blind GB-PANDAS desires to route an incoming task to the server with the minimum weighted-workload, but since the service rates are unknown, such routing of incoming tasks is not guaranteed which makes the throughput optimality analysis more complicated than the case where service rates are known. Our extensive experimental results reveal that Blind GB-PANDAS significantly outperforms existing methods in terms of mean task completion time at high loads.