# Reverse Engineering the Raspberry Pi Camera V2: A study of Pixel Non-Uniformity using a Scanning Electron Microscope

## TL;DR

This study reverse engineers the Raspberry Pi Camera V2's Sony IMX219PQ sensor, analyzing microscopic pixel variations to understand their impact on sensor non-uniformity and potential for unique identification.

## Contribution

It provides detailed microscopic analysis linking transistor, microlens, and photodiode irregularities to pixel non-uniformity, advancing sensor fingerprinting techniques.

## Key findings

- Identified microscopic irregularities correlating with pixel non-uniformity.
- Linked physical pixel variations to sensor identification potential.
- Demonstrated the use of SEM analysis for sensor reverse engineering.

## Abstract

In this paper we reverse engineer the Sony IMX219PQ image sensor, otherwise known as the Raspberry Pi Camera v2.0. We provide a visual reference for pixel non-uniformity by analysing variations in transistor length, microlens optic system and in the photodiode. We use these measurements to demonstrate irregularities at the microscopic level and link this to the signal variation measured as pixel non-uniformity used for unique identification of discrete image sensors.