# A Framework for Evaluating Security in the Presence of Signal Injection Attacks

## TL;DR

This paper presents a comprehensive framework and methodology for evaluating and quantifying the security of sensor systems against electromagnetic and other signal injection attacks, including practical measurements and analysis.

## Contribution

It introduces a unifying system and threat model, security definitions, and an algorithm for assessing real system vulnerabilities to signal injection attacks.

## Key findings

- Demonstrated susceptibility of a smartphone microphone to signal injection
- Analyzed demodulation characteristics of commercial ADCs
- Provided a practical algorithm for security level calculation

## Abstract

Sensors are embedded in security-critical applications from medical devices to nuclear power plants, but their outputs can be spoofed through electromagnetic and other types of signals transmitted by attackers at a distance. To address the lack of a unifying framework for evaluating the effects of such transmissions, we introduce a system and threat model for signal injection attacks. We further define the concepts of existential, selective, and universal security, which address attacker goals from mere disruptions of the sensor readings to precise waveform injections. Moreover, we introduce an algorithm which allows circuit designers to concretely calculate the security level of real systems. Finally, we apply our definitions and algorithm in practice using measurements of injections against a smartphone microphone, and analyze the demodulation characteristics of commercial Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs). Overall, our work highlights the importance of evaluating the susceptibility of systems against signal injection attacks, and introduces both the terminology and the methodology to do so.