# Investigating the origin of the faint non-thermal emission of the Arches cluster using the 2015-2016 NuSTAR and XMM-Newton X-ray observations

## TL;DR

This study analyzes NuSTAR and XMM-Newton observations of the Arches cluster's molecular cloud, revealing that its non-thermal X-ray emission may have stabilized, with evidence suggesting multiple emission components of different origins.

## Contribution

First detailed spectral analysis of bright clumps in the Arches cloud, indicating multiple emission components and providing insights into the origin of non-thermal X-ray emission.

## Key findings

- Non-thermal emission level remained consistent between 2015 and 2016.
- Spectral analysis shows different equivalent widths and absorption in cloud clumps.
- Emission likely comprises two components with distinct origins.

## Abstract

Recent NuSTAR and XMM-Newton observations of the molecular cloud around the Arches stellar cluster demonstrate a dramatic change both in morphology and intensity of its non-thermal X-ray emission, similar to that observed in many molecular clouds of the Central Molecular Zone at the Galactic Center. These variations trace the propagation of illuminating fronts, presumably induced by past flaring activities of Sgr A$^{\star}$. In this paper we present results of a long NuSTAR observation of the Arches complex in 2016, taken a year after the previous XMM+NuSTAR observations which revealed a strong decline in the cloud emission. The 2016 NuSTAR observation shows that both the non-thermal continuum emission and the Fe K$_{\alpha}$ 6.4~keV line flux are consistent with the level measured in 2015. No significant variation has been detected in both spectral shape and Fe K$_{\alpha}$ equivalent width EW$_{\rm 6.4\ keV}$, which may be interpreted as the intensity of the Arches non-thermal emission reaching its stationary level. At the same time, the measured 2016 non-thermal flux is not formally in disagreement with the declining trend observed in 2007-2015. Thus, we cannot assess whether the non-thermal emission has reached a stationary level in 2016, and new observations, separated by a longer time period, are needed to draw stringent conclusions. Detailed spectral analysis of three bright clumps of the Arches molecular cloud performed for the first time showed different EW$_{\rm 6.4\ keV}$ and absorption. This is a strong hint that the X-ray emission from the molecular cloud is a mix of two components with different origins.