# Pebble accretion in class 0/I YSOs as a possible pathway for early planet formation

## TL;DR

This study explores pebble accretion as a pathway for early planet formation in the gravitationally unstable disks of class 0/I young stellar objects, highlighting conditions that could lead to rapid core growth within these early phases.

## Contribution

It investigates pebble accretion timescales in class 0/I disks and estimates initial core masses needed for gas giant formation during early stellar evolution.

## Key findings

- Pebble accretion timescales are shorter in class 0/I disks due to higher gas and dust accretion rates.
- Accretion timescales are not always inversely proportional to gas accretion rates.
- In optimal conditions, cores can grow from $10^{-4} M_\oplus$ to $10 M_\oplus$ within 0.5 Myr.

## Abstract

Recent theoretical works suggest that the pebble accretion process is important for planet formation in protoplanetary disks, because it accelerates the growth of planetary cores. While several observations reveal axisymmetric sharp gaps in very young disks, which may be indicative of the existence of planets. We investigate the possibility of planet formation via pebble accretion in much earlier phases, the gravitationally unstable disks of class 0/I young stellar objects. We find that under the conditions of the class 0/I disks, the pebble accretion timescales can be shorter compared to the typical protoplanetary disks due to larger gas and dust accretion rate, but also find that the accretion timescale is not always a decreasing function of the gas accretion rate. By using estimated accretion timescales, we give a required initial mass to form cores of gas giants within the lifetime of class 0/I phases under several parameters, such as radial distances from the host star, gas accretion rates, and dust-to-gas mass ratio. In the most optimistic case, for example the dust-to-gas mass ratio is $f=3f_{\rm solar}$, $\sim10^{-4}M_{\oplus}$ objects at 10 au can grow to $10M_{\oplus}$ cores during the typical lifetime of the class 0/I phases, 0.5 Myr.