# An Application of Hypergeometric Functions to Heat Kernels on Rectangular and Hexagonal Tori and a "Weltkonstante" -- Or -- How Ramanujan Split Temperatures

## TL;DR

This paper explores heat kernels on rectangular and hexagonal tori using hypergeometric functions and Ramanujan's theories, revealing extremal temperature properties and connections to Landau's constant.

## Contribution

It applies hypergeometric functions and Ramanujan's results to analyze heat kernels on tori, deriving extremal temperature bounds and linking to Landau's constant.

## Key findings

- Maximum and minimum temperatures on rectangular tori computed using hypergeometric functions.
- Analogous temperature distribution results obtained for hexagonal tori.
- Connections established between heat kernel extremal problems and Landau's Weltkonstante.

## Abstract

In this work we investigate the heat kernel of the Laplace--Beltrami operator on a rectangular torus and the according temperature distribution. We compute the minimum and the maximum of the temperature on rectangular tori of fixed area by means of Gauss' hypergeometric function $_2F_1$ and the elliptic modulus. In order to be able to do this, we employ a beautiful result of Ramanujan, connecting hypergeometric functions, the elliptic modulus and theta functions. Also, we investigate the temperature distribution of the heat kernel on hexagonal tori and use Ramanujan's corresponding theory of signature 3 to derive analogous results to the rectangular case. Lastly, we show connections to the problem of finding the exact value of Landau's "Weltkonstante", a universal constant arising in the theory of extremal holomorphic mappings; and for a related, restricted extremal problem we show that the conjectured solution is the second lemniscate constant.