# Collective behavior in small systems

## TL;DR

This paper reviews recent measurements of long-range particle correlations in small collision systems, exploring their origins and the challenges in accurately quantifying collective effects like flow coefficients.

## Contribution

It presents new $v_n$ measurements across various small systems and energies, and introduces improved methods for measuring multi-particle cumulants in proton-proton collisions.

## Key findings

- Significant non-zero $v_2$ observed at low energies in $d$+Au collisions.
- Initial nuclear geometry influences final state anisotropy in small systems.
- New techniques improve the robustness of $v_2 ext{(4)}$ measurements in $p$+$p$ collisions.

## Abstract

The presence of correlations between particles significantly separated in pseudorapidity in proton-proton and proton-nucleus collisions has raised questions about whether collective effects are observed in small collision systems as well as in heavy-ion collisions. The quantification of these long-range correlations by $v_n$ coefficients is of particular interest. A selection of the latest $v_n$ measurements is presented, including results from the recent $d$+Au beam energy scan at RHIC where a significant non-zero $v_2$ is measured down to low center-of-mass energies ($\sqrt{s_{\rm{NN}}}$ = 39 GeV). Results from a collision system scan - comprising $p$+Au, $d$+Au, and $^3$He+Au collisions - are also shown to address the role of the initial nuclear geometry in the final state anisotropy. Finally, the challenge of measuring multi-particle cumulants, particularly $c_2\{4\}$, in $p$+$p$ collisions is discussed, and new methods for reducing the effects of non-flow are shown to produce a more robust measurement of $v_2\{4\}$ in $p$+$p$ collisions.