# One-dimensional few-electron effective Wigner crystal in quantum and classical regimes

## TL;DR

This paper investigates the quantum and classical regimes of one-dimensional few-electron Wigner crystals, proposing a phase diagram that describes their crossover and analyzing how finite size affects their crystalline order.

## Contribution

It introduces an approximate method to connect quantum and classical limits of 1D Wigner crystals, providing a qualitative phase diagram and insights into finite-size effects.

## Key findings

- Spatial density peaks are observable in few-electron 1D systems.
- Crystalline order diminishes with increasing density and temperature.
- Finite-size effects influence the stability of 1D Wigner crystals.

## Abstract

A system of confined charged electrons interacting via the long-range Coulomb force can form a Wigner crystal due to their mutual repulsion. This happens when the potential energy of the system dominates over its kinetic energy, i.e., at low temperatures for a classical system and at low densities for a quantum one. At $T=0$, the system is governed by quantum mechanics, and hence, the spatial density peaks associated with crystalline charge localization are sharpened for a lower average density. Conversely, in the classical limit of high temperatures, the crystalline spatial density peaks are suppressed (recovered) at a lower (higher) average density. In this paper, we study those two limits separately using an exact diagonalization of small one-dimensional (1D) systems containing few ($<10$) electrons and propose an approximate method to connect them into a unified effective phase diagram for Wigner few-electron crystallization. The result is a qualitative quantum-classical crossover phase diagram of an effective 1D Wigner crystal. We show that the spatial density peaks associated with the quasi-crystallization should be experimentally observable in a few-electron 1D system. We find that the effective crystalline structure slowly disappears with both the crossover average density and crossover temperature for crystallization decreasing with increasing particle number, consistent with the absence of any true long-range 1D order. In fact, one peculiar aspect of the effective finite-size nature of 1D Wigner crystallization we find is that even a short-range interaction would lead to a finite-size 1D crystal, except that the crystalline order vanishes much faster with increasing system size in the short-range interacting system compared with the long-range interacting one.