# Sub-grid scale model classification and blending through deep learning

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a machine learning framework for classifying and blending turbulence models in large eddy simulations, enabling adaptive and hybrid modeling based on local flow conditions.

## Contribution

It presents a novel approach to dynamically classify and blend turbulence models using deep learning, improving LES accuracy and stability for complex turbulent flows.

## Key findings

- Effective classification of turbulence models based on flow features.
- Successful blending of models for improved flow simulation.
- Robust and stable closure achieved in Kraichnan turbulence test case.

## Abstract

In this article we detail the use of machine learning for spatiotemporally dynamic turbulence model classification and hybridization for the large eddy simulations (LES) of turbulence. Our predictive framework is devised around the determination of local conditional probabilities for turbulence models that have varying underlying hypotheses. As a first deployment of this learning, we classify a point on our computational grid as that which requires the functional hypothesis, the structural hypothesis or no modeling at all. This ensures that the appropriate model is specified from \emph{a priori} knowledge and an efficient balance of model characteristics is obtained in a particular flow computation. In addition, we also utilize the conditional probability predictions of the same machine learning to blend turbulence models for another hybrid closure. Our test-case for the demonstration of this concept is given by Kraichnan turbulence which exhibits a strong interplay of enstrophy and energy cascades in the wave number domain. Our results indicate that the proposed methods lead to robust and stable closure and may potentially be used to combine the strengths of various models for complex flow phenomena prediction.