# Anomalous EDGES 21-cm Signal and Moduli Dominated Era

## TL;DR

This paper explores how an early matter-dominated era due to moduli fields can resolve the overproduction problem of milli-charged dark matter, explaining the EDGES 21-cm signal with a consistent relic abundance.

## Contribution

It introduces a scenario where moduli-induced early matter domination allows milli-charged DM to match the observed 21-cm absorption without overproduction.

## Key findings

- Early matter domination reduces milli-charged DM relic density.
- Moduli mass around 10^6 TeV yields correct DM fraction.
- Overproduction issue can be avoided with moduli effects.

## Abstract

The EDGES collaboration has recently reported the detection of an unexpectedly stronger absorption signal in the global 21-cm spectrum around cosmic red-shift z = 17, resulting in the significant cooling of the primordial gas. The cooling of the gas can be expected to occur by considering the scattering off the baryons by a small fraction of DM carrying a tiny electromagnetic charge (milli-charged DM). However, it turns out the energy density of milli-charged DM obtained by considering thermal annihilation through massless photons will get overproduced in the range of parameters allowed by 21-cm line signal, if there are no new force carriers etc. In this study, we argue that the milli-charged DM particles might get decoupled during matter domination, in case there are moduli present in the theory. Therefore we estimated the value of relic abundance of milli-charged DM by taking into account an early matter dominated era. We found that for the value of modulus mass around m_{\Phi} ~ 10^6TeV, the milli-charged DM particles could actually yield the desired fraction of DM particles for the values of charge and DM required to explain the 21-cm signal. Thus, the problem of an overproduction of the milli-charged DM density in the desirable range of mass and charge of DM can be evaded by considering an early moduli/matter dominated era.